Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common form of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and its incidence has been on the rise worldwide in recent years. Although the prognosis is good in the early stage, it is mostly in the localized or advanced stage when diagnosed. Although the prognosis is good in early stage, it is mostly localized in advanced stage when diagnosed. Treatment is mostly surgical resection as the preferred method, but due to the presence of subclinical metastases, tumor cells can never be completely eliminated, and even after radical resection, patients are still at risk of tumor recurrence. Immune response and inflammatory response play an important role in tumor development and progression, and studies have shown that the number of certain inflammatory cells and their ratios in the peripheral blood are important prognostic factors for malignant tumors, such as platelets, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and so on. In this paper, we present the results of the peripheral blood platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic immune- inflammation index (SII), and the number of inflammatory cells in the peripheral blood. NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic immune- inflammation index (SII), and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) in OSCC, with the aim of providing a more comprehensive reference for the comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of OSCC.

Guhaiernisha Kaihereman, Wulan Jinensi, Yao Zhitao. Progress of peripheral blood immunoinflammatory markers in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Frontiers in Medical Science Research (2023) Vol. 5, Issue 11: 136-141. https://doi.org/10.25236/FMSR.2023.051120.

[1] Geng Y D, Zhang K K. Expression of membrane-bound protein A2 in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and its relationship with prognosis[J]. Clinical Medicine, 2019, 39(11): 11-13.

[2] Fang C Y, Wu C Z, Chen P N, et al. Antimetastatic potentials of salvianolic acid A on oral squamous cell carcinoma by targeting MMP-2 and the c-Raf/MEK/ERK pathway[J]. Environmental toxicology, 2018, 33(5): 545-554.

[3] YANG S W, WANG Y, YANG G. Study on the effect and mechanism of calcitonin 2 on oral squamous carcinoma cells[J]. Chinese Journal of Cancer, 2015, 25(4): 269-274.

[4] Siegel R L, Miller K D, Goding Sauer A, et al. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2020[J]. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 2020, 70(3): 145-164.

[5] Guo W, Lv J, Ren G X, et al. Prognostic analysis of lymph node status on long-term survival of advanced oral squamous carcinoma after induction chemotherapy--with 109 cases[C]//. Proceedings of the Ninth Chinese Congress of Medical Oncology, the Fourth Chinese Congress of Medical Oncologists, and the 2015 Annual Academic Conference of the Tumor Clinical Chemotherapy Committee of the Chinese Anti-Cancer Association. ,2015:493-497.

[6] Sasahira T, Kurihara M, Bhawal U K, et al. Downregulation of miR-126 induces angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis by activation of VEGF-A in oral cancer[J]. British journal of cancer, 2012, 107(4): 700-706.

[7] Wu T, Hong Y, Jia L, et al. Modulation of IL-1β reprogrammes the tumor microenvironment to interrupt oral carcinogenesis[J]. Scientific reports, 2016, 6(1): 1-10.

[8] Balkwill F, Mantovani A. Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow?[J]. The lancet, 2001, 357(9255): 539-545.

[9] Tang W R, Wei S, Zhang F E,et al. ~(99m)TcO_4~-salivary gland dynamic imaging to evaluate the effect of head and neck tumor radiation therapy on salivary gland function[J]. Chinese Journal of Medical Physics,2019,36(06):701-704.

[10] Hotamisligil G S. Inflammation, metaflammation and immunometabolic disorders[J]. Nature, 2017, 542(7640): 177-185.

[11] Quail D F, Joyce J A. Microenvironmental regulation of tumor progression and metastasis[J]. Nature medicine, 2013, 19(11): 1423-1437.

[12] Zhong S, Huang C, Chen Z, et al. Targeting Inflammatory Signaling in Prostate Cancer Castration Resistance[J]. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2021, 10(21): 5000.

[13] Ye D Y, Yang SH, Zhao L L, et al. Research progress on the effects of inflammatory markers on the development and prognosis of malignant tumors and their mechanisms[J]. Journal of Jilin University (Medical Edition),2022,48(04):1079-1087.

[14] Villegas S N, Gombos R, García-López L, et al. PI3K/Akt cooperates with oncogenic notch by inducing nitric oxide-dependent inflammation[J]. Cell reports, 2018, 22(10): 2541-2549.

[15] Shalapour S, Karin M. Immunity, inflammation, and cancer: an eternal fight between good and evil[J]. The Journal of clinical investigation, 2015, 125(9): 3347-3355.

[16] Noy R, Pollard J W. Tumor-associated macrophages: from mechanisms to therapy[J]. Immunity, 2014, 41(1): 49-61.

[17] Labani-Motlagh A, Ashja-Mahdavi M, Loskog A. The tumor microenvironment: a milieu hindering and obstructing antitumor immune responses[J]. Frontiers in immunology, 2020, 11: 940.

[18] Li Q X, Liu X Q, Wang D K, et al. Expression of tertiary lymphoid structures and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in oral cancer and their prognostic relationship[J]. Proceedings of the Chinese Tumor Marker Conference and the 15th Tumor Marker Forum for Young Scientists, 2021.

[19] Zhu N, Ding L, Fu Y, et al. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte-derived MLL2 independently predicts disease- free survival for patients with early-stage oral squamous cell carcinoma[J]. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, 2020, 49(2): 126-136.

[20] Lusho S, Durando X, Mouret-Reynier M A, et al. Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio is associated with favorable response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple negative breast cancer: a study on 120 patients[J]. Frontiers in Oncology, 2021: 2764.

[21] Weiner D B, Sauter M J. The city of Paris and the rise of clinical medicine[J]. Osiris, 2003, 18: 23-42.

[22] Wang S, Li Z, Xu R. Human cancer and platelet interaction, a potential therapeutic target[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2018, 19(4): 1246.

[23] Ravishankar D, Albadawi D A I, Chaggar V, et al. Isorhapontigenin, a resveratrol analogue selectively inhibits ADP-stimulated platelet activation[J]. European journal of pharmacology, 2019, 862: 172627.

[24] PEREIRA, Joabe,dos,et al. Immunoexpression of Cell Proliferation Markers in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int. J. Odontostomat.[J]. International journal of odontostomatology, 2016, 10(3):513-520. DOI:10.4067/S0718-381X2016000300020.

[25] Guerriero J L. Macrophages: the road less traveled, changing anticancer therapy[J]. Trends in molecular medicine, 2018, 24(5): 472-489.

[26] Sun T. Experimental study on the mechanism of angiogenesis inhibition in gallbladder cancer through IFn-γ[D]. China Medical University.

[27] Sawa-Wejksza K, Dudek A, Lemieszek M, et al. Colon cancer-derived conditioned medium induces differentiation of THP-1monocytes into a mixed population of M1/M2 cells[J]. TumourBiol, 2018, 40(9):1010428318797880.

[28] Kurahara H, Takao S, Maemura K, et al. M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophage infiltration of regional lymph nodes is associated with nodal lymphangiogenesis and occult nodal involvement in pN0 pancreatic cancer [J]. Pancreas, 2013.

[29] Laviron M, Boissonnas A. Ontogeny of tumor-associated macrophages [J]. Front Immunol, 2019, 10: 1799.

[30] Singh S, Mehta N, Jiang LL, et al. Initiative action of tumor-associated macrophage during tumor metastasis [J]. Biochim Open, 2017, 4: 8-18.

[31] Motomura T, Shirabe K, Mano Y, et al. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio reflects hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplantation via inflammatory microenvironment[J]. Journal of hepatology, 2013, 58(1): 58-64.

[32] Siegel Rebecca L and Miller Kimberly D and Jemal Ahmedin. cancer statistics, 2020.[J]. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 2020, 70(1) : 7-30.

[33] Sunali Khanna and A.C. Udas and G. Kiran Kumar and S. Suvarna and F.R. Karjodkar.Trace elements (copper, zinc, selenium and molybdenum) as markers in oral sub mucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma[J]. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 2013. DOI:10.1016/j.jtemb.2013.04.003.

[34] Bhola N, Wadewale S. Evaluation and Correlation of Preoperative Serum C-Reactive Protein, Neutrophil-lymphocyte Ratio and Platelet-lymphocyte Ratio for Cervical Metastasis in Patients of Primary Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2021: 3286-3291.

[35] Fan Y. Correlation between preoperative peripheral blood NLR and PLR and prognosis of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[D]. Zhengzhou: Zhengzhou University, 2019.

[36] Wang X, et al. Predictive value of preoperative inflammatory indicators combined with tumor markers for lymph node metastasis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Western Medicine, 2022, 34(09): 1312-1317.

[37] Chen J X. Expression levels of inflammatory indexes, hematocrit indexes and lipid indexes in uroepithelial carcinoma of the bladder and related clinical studies[D]. Southwest Medical University, 2019.

[38] Proctor M J, McMillan D C, Morrison D S, et al. A derived neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio predicts survival in patients with cancer[J]. British journal of cancer, 2012, 107(4): 695-699.

[39] Zhang Zeyu, Xia Fada, Wang Wenlong, Huang Yun, Li Xinying. The systemic immune-inflammation index-based model is an effective biomarker on predicting central lymph node metastasis in clinically nodal-negative papillary thyroid carcinoma.[J]. Gland surgery,2021,10(4).

[40] Charles K A, Harris B D W, Haddad C R, et al. Systemic inflammation is an independent predictive marker of clinical outcomes in mucosal squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in oropharyngeal and non-oropharyngeal patients[J]. BMC cancer, 2016, 16(1): 1-13.

[41] Tampa M, Mitran M I, Mitran C I, et al. Mediators of inflammation-a potential source of biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma[J]. Journal of immunology research, 2018, 2018.

[42] Perisanidis C, Kornek G, Pöschl P W, et al. High neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is an independent marker of poor disease-specific survival in patients with oral cancer[J]. Medical Oncology, 2013, 30(1): 1-8.

[43] Park Young Min,Oh Kyung Ho,Cho Jae-Gu,Baek Seung-Kuk,Kwon Soon-Young,Jung Kwang-Yoon,Woo Jeong-Soo. A prognostic scoring system using inflammatory response biomarkers in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma patients who underwent surgery-based treatment.[J]. Acta oto-laryngologica,2018,138(4).

[44] Brkic F F, Kadletz L, Jank B, et al. Impact of pretherapeutic neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, serum albumin, body-mass index, and advanced lung cancer inflammation index on clinical outcome in sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma[J]. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, 2020, 48(1): 33-37.

[45] Hu B, Yang X R, Xu Y, et al. Systemic immune-inflammation index predicts prognosis of patients after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Clinical Cancer Research, 2014, 20(23): 6212-6222.

[46] Hong X, Cui B, Wang M, et al. Systemic immune-inflammation index, based on platelet counts and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, is useful for predicting prognosis in small cell lung cancer[J]. The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine, 2015, 236(4): 297-304.

[47] Lolli Cristian,Basso Umberto,Derosa Lisa,Scarpi Emanuela,Sava Teodoro,Santoni Matteo,Crabb Simon J,Massari Francesco,Aieta Michele. Conteduca Vincenza,Maruzzo Marco,La Russa Francesca, Wheater Matthew,Berardi Rossana,Galli Luca,De Giorgi Ugo.Systemic immune-inflammation index predicts the clinical outcome in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer treated with sunitinib.[J]. Oncotarget, 2016,7(34).

[48] Cristian Lolli,Orazio Caffo,Emanuela Scarpi,Michele Aieta,Vincenza Conteduca,Francesca Maines, Emanuela Bianchi,Francesco Massari. Antonello Veccia,Vincenzo E. Chiuri,Gaetano Facchini,Ugo De Giorgi.Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index Predicts the Clinical Outcome in Patients With mCRPC Treated With Abiraterone[J]. Frontiers in Pharmacology,2016,7.

[49] Feng Ji-Feng,Chen Sheng,Yang Xun.Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) is a useful prognostic indicator for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.[J]. Medicine, 2017, 96(4).

[50] Eda Erdis,Birsen Yucel. Prognostic Significance of Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Oral Cavity Cancers[J]. ENT Updates,2021,10(1).