Alzheimer's disease (AD) is currently the most common cognitive impairment disorder and has become a major health concern as the global population ages. Focusing on this area, we systematically reviewed research progress in this field and conducted in-depth discussions from gene expression to clinical application. Studies have shown that significant breakthroughs have been made in molecular pathological changes, innovative diagnostic methods, and the development of treatment strategies. Given the complexity of the disease, its prevention and treatment require a comprehensive, multi-faceted approach. This article focuses on how basic research results can better serve the clinic and explores the principles for formulating individualized treatment plans. The latest research progress not only enriches the theoretical basis for clinical practice but also provides new ideas for future research.

Jiaying Chi. Research Progress in Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies of Alzheimer's Disease: From Molecular Pathology to Clinical Application. Academic Journal of Medicine & Health Sciences (2025), Vol. 6, Issue 8: 98-105. https://doi.org/10.25236/AJMHS.2025.060813.

[1] Eratne D, Loi SM, Farrand S, Kelso W, Velakoulis D, Looi JC. Alzheimer’s disease paper 1: Clinical update on epidemiology, pathophysiology and diagnosis. Australas Psychiatry. 2018 Aug;26(4):347-57.

[2] Ballard C, Gauthier S, Corbett A, Brayne C, Aarsland D, Jones E. Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet [Internet]. 2011 Mar [cited 2025 Jul 30];377(9770):1019–31. Available from: https://linkinghub. elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673610613499

[3] Zhang XX, Tian Y, Wang ZT, Ma YH, Tan L, Yu JT. The epidemiology of alzheimer’s disease modifiable risk factors and prevention. J Prev Alzheimers Dis [Internet]. 2021 Jul [cited 2025 Jul 30];8(3):313–21. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2274580724005235

[4] Pudelewicz A, Talarska D, Bączyk G. Burden of caregivers of patients with alzheimer’s disease. Scand J Caring Sci [Internet]. 2019 Jun [cited 2025 Jul 30];33(2):336–41. Available from: https: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/scs.12626

[5] Kim B, Noh GO, Kim K. Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in patients with alzheimer’s disease and family caregiver burden: a path analysis. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2021 Dec [cited 2025 Jul 30];21(1):160. Available from: https://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral. com/articles/10. 1186/s12877-021-02109-w

[6] Sun BL, Li WW, Zhu C, Jin WS, Zeng F, Liu YH, et al. Clinical research on alzheimer’s disease: progress and perspectives. Neurosci Bull [Internet]. 2018 Dec [cited 2025 Aug 2];34(6):1111–8. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12264-018-0249-z

[7] Šerý O, Povová J, Míšek I, Pešák L, Janout V. Molecular mechanisms of neuropathological changes in alzheimer’s disease: a review. Folia Neuropathol [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2025 Aug 2];1:1–9. Available from: http://www.termedia.pl/doi/10.5114/fn.2013.34190

[8] Rostagno AA. Pathogenesis of alzheimer’s disease. Int J Mol Sci [Internet]. 2022 Dec 21 [cited 2025 Aug 2];24(1):107. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/1/107

[9] Khan S, Barve KH, Kumar MS. Recent advancements in pathogenesis, diagnostics and treatment of alzheimer’s disease. Curr Neuropharmacol [Internet]. 2020 Nov 9 [cited 2025 Aug 2];18(11):1106–25. Available from: https://www.eurekaselect.com/182327/article

[10] McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack CR, Kawas CH, et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the national institute on aging‐alzheimer’s association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement [Internet]. 2011 May [cited 2025 Aug 2];7(3):263–9. Available from: https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.005

[11] Hardy JA, Higgins GA. Alzheimer’s disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Science [Internet]. 1992 Apr 10 [cited 2025 Aug 3];256(5054):184–5. Available from: https://www.science.org/doi/10. 1126/science.1566067

[12] Horie K, Barthélemy NR, Sato C, Bateman RJ. CSF tau microtubule binding region identifies tau tangle and clinical stages of alzheimer’s disease. Brain [Internet]. 2021 Mar 3 [cited 2025 Aug 3];144(2):515–27. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/144/2/515/6024973

[13] Cai Y, Liu J, Wang B, Sun M, Yang H. Microglia in the neuroinflammatory pathogenesis of alzheimer’s disease and related therapeutic targets. Front Immunol [Internet]. 2022 Apr 26 [cited 2025 Aug 3]; 13: 856376. Available from: https: //www. frontiersin. org/articles/10. 3389/fimmu. 2022. 856376/full

[14] Song T, Song X, Zhu C, Patrick R, Skurla M, Santangelo I, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and metabolic alterations in the progression of alzheimer’s disease: a meta-analysis of in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies. Ageing Res Rev [Internet]. 2021 Dec [cited 2025 Aug 3];72:101503. Available from: https: //linkinghub. elsevier. com/retrieve/pii/S1568163721002506

[15] Khachaturian AS, Hayden KM, Mielke MM, Tang Y, Lutz MW, Gustafson DR, et al. Future prospects and challenges for alzheimer’s disease drug development in the era of the NIA‐AA research framework. Alzheimers Dement [Internet]. 2018 Apr [cited 2025 Aug 3];14(4):532–4. Available from: https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.03.003

[16] Zhang Y, Chen H, Li R, Sterling K, Song W. Amyloid β-based therapy for alzheimer’s disease: Challenges, successes and future. Signal Transduct Target Ther [Internet]. 2023 Jun 30 [cited 2025 Aug 3];8(1):248. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-023-01484-7

[17] Gao Y, Tan L, Yu JT, Tan L. Tau in alzheimer’s disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Curr Alzheimer Res [Internet]. 2018 Jan 23 [cited 2025 Aug 3];15(3):283–300. Available from: https: //www.eurekaselect.com/151650/article

[18] Long JM, Holtzman DM. Alzheimer disease: an update on pathobiology and treatment strategies. Cell [Internet]. 2019 Oct [cited 2025 Aug 3];179(2):312–39. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier. com/retrieve/pii/S0092867419310074

[19] Cummings J, Lee G, Zhong K, Fonseca J, Taghva K. Alzheimer’s disease drug development pipeline: 2021. Alzheimers Dement Transl Res Clin Interv [Internet]. 2021 Jan [cited 2025 Aug 3]; 7(1): e12179. Available from: https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/trc2.12179