Acute post-traumatic sepsis refers to systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by secondary infection of pathogens after trauma. Acute circulatory failure occurs based on serious infection, which is life-threatening. The early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of post-traumatic sepsis are very important. However, due to the lack of specific clinical manifestations and early diagnostic indicators of sepsis, the patient's condition is dangerous and changeable, and its diagnosis and treatment are one of the puzzles faced by clinicians at present. Studies have shown that for every 1-hour delay in antibiotic treatment of sepsis, survival rates decrease by 8%. The short-term mortality rate of sepsis patients is decreasing, but the long-term mortality rate remains high. Therefore, there is an urgent need for early, timely, and rapid identification of sepsis indicators. Currently, serum biomarkers have penetrated people's field of vision and can provide corresponding guidance for diagnosis. Currently, there are more than 200 biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of sepsis, and new biomarkers appear every year. In this paper, the biomarkers related to sepsis and their prognosis were reviewed.

Chao Luo, Weijie Cheng, Yi Hu. Research progress of biomarkers for prognosis of patients with acute post-traumatic sepsis. International Journal of Frontiers in Medicine (2023), Vol. 5, Issue 10: 28-32. https://doi.org/10.25236/IJFM.2023.051005.

[1] Chiu C, Legrand M. Epidemiology of sepsis and septic shock[J]. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 2021, 34(2):71-76.

[2] Font M D, Thyagarajan B, Khanna A K. Sepsis and Septic Shock - Basics of diagnosis, pathophysiology and clinical  decision making[J]. Med Clin North Am, 2020,104(4):573-585.

[3] Bracht H, Hafner S, Weiß M. [Sepsis Update: Definition and Epidemiology][J]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther, 2019,54(1):10-20.

[4] Evans T. Diagnosis and management of sepsis[J]. Clin Med (Lond), 2018,18(2):146-149.

[5] Rehn M, Chew M S, Olkkola K T, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: International guidelines for management of sepsis and  septic shock in adults 2021 - endorsement by the Scandinavian society of  anaesthesiology and intensive care medicine[J]. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 2022,66(5):634-635.

[6] Rudd K E, Johnson S C, Agesa K M, et al. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study[J]. Lancet, 2020, 395(10219):200-211.

[7] Ackerman M H, Ahrens T, Kelly J, et al. Sepsis[J]. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am, 2021, 33(4):407-418.

[8] Pierrakos C, Velissaris D, Bisdorff M, et al. Biomarkers of sepsis: time for a reappraisal[J]. Crit Care, 2020, 24(1):287.

[9] Fendl B, Weiss R, Eichhorn T, et al. Extracellular vesicles are associated with C-reactive protein in sepsis[J]. Sci Rep, 2021,11(1):6996.

[10] Stocker M, van Herk W, El H S, et al. C-Reactive Protein, Procalcitonin, and White Blood Count to Rule Out Neonatal  Early-onset Sepsis Within 36 Hours: A Secondary Analysis of the Neonatal  Procalcitonin Intervention Study[J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2021,73(2):e383-e390.

[11] Tan M, Lu Y, Jiang H, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein for sepsis: A  systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Cell Biochem, 2019,120(4):5852-5859.

[12] Russell C D, Parajuli A, Gale H J, et al. The utility of peripheral blood leucocyte ratios as biomarkers in infectious  diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Infect, 2019, 78(5):339-348.

[13] Wardi G, Brice J, Correia M, et al. Demystifying Lactate in the Emergency Department[J]. Ann Emerg Med, 2020,75(2):287-298.

[14] Bakker J, Postelnicu R, Mukherjee V. Lactate: Where Are We Now?[J]. Crit Care Clin, 2020, 36(1):115-124.

[15] Tian X, Chen H, Liu H, et al. Recent Advances in Lactic Acid Production by Lactic Acid Bacteria[J]. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2021,193(12):4151-4171.

[16] Horns H, Draenert R, Nistal M. [Procalcitonin][J]. MMW Fortschr Med, 2021,163(11):54-55.

[17] Mierzchała-Pasierb M, Lipińska-Gediga M. Sepsis diagnosis and monitoring - procalcitonin as standard, but what next?[J]. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther, 2019,51(4):299-305.

[18] Purcarea A, Sovaila S. Sepsis, a 2020 review for the internist[J]. Rom J Intern Med, 2020, 58(3):129-137.

[19] Salomão R, Ferreira B L, Salomão M C, et al. Sepsis: evolving concepts and challenges[J]. Braz J Med Biol Res, 2019,52(4):e8595.

[20] Ozger H S, Senol E. Use of infection biomarkers in the emergency department[J]. Turk J Emerg Med, 2022,22(4):169-176.

[21] Urrechaga E. Reviewing the value of leukocytes cell population data (CPD) in the management of  sepsis[J]. Ann Transl Med, 2020,8(15):953.

[22] Hernández G, Ospina-Tascón G A, Damiani L P, et al. Effect of a Resuscitation Strategy Targeting Peripheral Perfusion Status vs Serum  Lactate Levels on 28-Day Mortality Among Patients With Septic Shock: The  ANDROMEDA-SHOCK Randomized Clinical Trial[J]. JAMA, 2019,321(7):654-664.

[23] Singhal R, Coghill J E, Guy A, et al. Serum lactate and base deficit as predictors of mortality after ruptured  abdominal aortic aneurysm repair[J]. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2005,30(3):263-266.

[24] Li Y, Wu Y, Gao Y, et al. Machine-learning based prediction of prognostic risk factors in patients with invasive candidiasis infection and bacterial bloodstream infection: a singled  centered retrospective study[J]. BMC Infect Dis, 2022,22(1):150.

[25] Papafilippou L, Claxton A, Dark P, et al. Nanotools for Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment[J]. Adv Healthc Mater, 2021,10(1):e2001378.

[26] Hassan J, Khan S, Zahra R, et al. Role of Procalcitonin and C-reactive Protein as Predictors of Sepsis and in  Managing Sepsis in Postoperative Patients: A Systematic Review[J]. Cureus, 2022, 14(11):e31067.