Exosomes represent a class of nanoscale particles with a diameter of 50–100 nm, which are secreted by a multitude of cell types, and contain a plethora of biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. These cysts can transmit information between cells and participate in a myriad of vital biological processes, including immune regulation, tissue repair, and angiogenesis. This review begins with an introduction to the fundamental aspects of exosomes, focusing on the biosynthesis process, biological function, and the techniques employed for characterization. Thereafter, the review delineates the research progress of exosomes in relation to ophthalmic diseases, with a focus on diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, traumatic optic neuropathy, and corneal diseases. The current state of research, including the achievements and challenges in translating exosomes from experimental research to clinical application will also be discussed. Finally, we will conclude with an outlook on the potential of exosome therapy.

Qilian Weng, Gaohua Liang. Current Perspectives on the Biological Effects of Exosomes in Ophthalmic Diseases. International Journal of Frontiers in Medicine (2026), Vol. 8, Issue 1: 35-50. https://doi.org/10.25236/IJFM.2026.080105.

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