Each type of fouling, including marine fouling, biofouling, ice fouling, clathrate fouling, inorganic scaling, dust fouling, paraffin formation, and polymers fouling and how these types of fouling formed also described in this article. The current developed anti-fouling methods, for example, chemical control, physical cleaning, coatings, and biocides. After reviewing the necessary background of fouling and methodology against it, this article also explains the theory and reasoning under the phenomenon with young’s equation, Wenzel model, Cassie & Baxley model, roughness, hydrophobicity, and hydrophilicity. Moreover, the phenomena of nature anti-fouling surface are illustrated, then the properties of different types of anti-fouling are summarized. Methods against biofouling under specific biomedical condition are discussed. Lastly, this report is going to evaluate different ways of anti-fouling to help other researchers to study the previous study under the topic of ”bio-inspired surfaces for fouling resistance“.

Yingfei Huang, Zehua Wang, Tom Chen. Bio-Inspired Surfaces for Fouling Resistance. The Frontiers of Society, Science and Technology (2020) Vol. 2 Issue 10: 79-98. https://doi.org/10.25236/FSST.2020.021018.

[1] M. E. C. James A. Callow (2011). Trends in the development of environmentally friendly fouling-resistant marine coatings. Nature Communications, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 244-245.

[2] M. P. Schultz, J. A. Bendick, E. R. Holm and W. M. Hertel (2011). Economic impact of biofouling on a naval surface ship. Biofouling, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 87-98

[3] G. D. Bixler and B. Bhushan (2012). Biofouling: lessons from nature," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, vol. 370, no. 1967, pp. 2381-2417.

[4] Dove, G. Devaud, X. Wang, M. Crowder, A. Lawitzke and C. Haley (2011). 2011Mitigation of lunar dust adhesion by surface modification. Planetary and Space Science, vol. 59, no. 14, pp. 1784-1790.

[5] P. A. Schweitzer (2010). Fundamentals of corrosion – Mechanisms, Causes and Preventative Methods. Boca Raton, CRC Press, Fla, pp. 430.-431.

[6] E. &. T. D. Gellert (1999). Seawater immersion ageing of glass-fibre reinforced polymer laminates for marine applications. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 1259-1265. 

[7] S. M. Olsen, L. T. Pedersen, M. H. Laursen, S. Kiil and K. Dam-Johansen (2007). Enzyme-based antifouling coatings: a review. Biofouling, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 369-383.

[8] S. Walmsley (2006). Tributyltin pollution on a global scale. An overview of relevant and recent research: impacts and issues. WWF UK, Godalming, Surrey.

[9] B. Antizar-Ladislao (2008).Environmental levels, toxicity and human exposure to tributyltin (TBT)-contaminated marine environment. A review. Nvironment International, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 292-308.

[10] N. H. Budak, E. Aykin, A. C. Seydim, A. K. Greene (2014). Functional Properties of Vinegar," Journal of Food Science, vol. 79, no. 5, pp. R757-R764.

[11] C.-Y. &. J. A. Hui (2013). Surface tension, surface energy, and chemical potential due to their difference. Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids, vol. 29, no. 36, pp. 11310-11316.

[12] Schwartz (2002). Chapter II Surface tension and surface energy," in Textile Science and Technology, vol. 13, pp. 57-91.

[13] S. Banerjee (2008). Simple derivation of Young, Wenzel and Cassie-Baxter equations and its interpretations. arXiv.org.

[14] K. Seo, M. Kim and D. H. Kim (2015). Re-derivation of Young's Equation, Wenzel Equation, and Cassie-Baxter Equation Based on Energy Minimization. in Surface Energy, M. Aliofkhazraei, Ed.

[15] C. M. Kirschner and A. B. Brennan (2012). Bio-Inspired Antifouling Strategies. Annual Review of Materials Research, vol. 42, pp. 211-229.

[16] Z. Li and Z. Guo (2019). Bioinspired surfaces with wettability for antifouling application. Nanoscale, vol.11, no. 47, pp. 22636-22663.

[17] B. Bhushan (2012). Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology, Dordrecht Springer Netherland.

[18] W. Barthlott, C. Neinhuis (1997).Purity of the sacred lotus, or escape from contamination in biological surfaces. Planta, vol. 202, no. 1, pp. 1-8.

[19] H. J. Ensikat, P. Ditsche-Kuru, C. Neinhuis (2011). Superhydrophobicity in perfection: the outstanding properties of the lotus leaf," Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, vol. 2, pp. 152-161.

[20] M. Nosonovsky and B. Bhushan (2012). Lotus Versus Rose: Biomimetic Surface Effects. Green Energy and Technology, vol. 49, pp. 25-40.

[21] S. Wang, K. Liu, X. Yao and L. Jiang (2015). Bioinspired Surfaces with Superwettability: New Insight on Theory, Design, and Applications," Chemical Reviews, vol. 115, no. 16, pp. 8230-8293.

[22] Roslizar, S. Dottermusch, F. Vullers, M. Kavalenka, M. Guttmann, et al (2019). Self-cleaning performance of superhydrophobic hot-embossed fluoropolymer films for photovoltaic modules. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 189, pp. 188-196.

[23] Bhushan, M. Nosonovsky (2010). The rose petal effect and the modes of superhydrophobicity," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, vol. 368, no. 1929, pp. 4713-4728.

[24] L. Feng, Y. Zhang, J. Xi, Y. Zhu (2008). Petal Effect: A Superhydrophobic State with High Adhesive Force. Langmuir, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 4114-4119.

[25] J. Long, P. Fan, D. Gong, D. Jiang (2015). Superhydrophobic Surfaces Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser with Tunable Water Adhesion: From Lotus Leaf to Rose Petal. ACS applied materials & interfaces, vol. 7, no. 18, pp. 9858-9865.

[26] C. G. Bernhard and W. H. Miller (1963). A corneal nipple pattern in insect compound eyes. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, vol. 56, no. 3-4, pp. 385-386, November 1963.

[27] P. Perez Goodwyn, Y. Maezono, N. Hosoda, et al (2009). Waterproof and translucent wings at the same time: problems and solutions in butterflies. Naturwissenschaften, vol. 96, no. 7, pp. 781-787.

[28] Kesel, R. Liedert (2007). Learning from nature: Non-toxic biofouling control by shark skin effect. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiolog, vol. 146, no. 4, pp. S130-S130.

[29] M. Liu, S. Wang, Z. Wei, Y. Song (2009). Bioinspired Design of a Superoleophobic and Low Adhesive Water/Solid Interface. Advanced Materials, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 665-669.

[30] Z. Dong, M. F. Schumann, M. J. Hokkanen, et al (2018). Superoleophobic Slippery Lubricant-Infused Surfaces: Combining Two Extremes in the Same Surface. Advanced Material, vol. 30, no. 45, pp.12-13.

[31] B. J. Privett, J. Youn, S. A. Hong, J. Lee, J. Han (2011). Antibacterial fluorinated silica colloid superhydrophobic surfaces. Langmuir: the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids, vol. 27, no. 15, pp. 9597-9601.

[32] J. Li, T. Kleintschek, A. Rieder, Y. Cheng (2013). Hydrophobic liquid-infused porous polymer surfaces for antibacterial applications. ACS applied materials & interfaces, vol. 5, no. 14, pp. 6704-6711.

[33] C.-H. Xue, X.-J. Guo, J.-Z. Ma (2015). Fabrication of robust and antifouling superhydrophobic surfaces via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization," ACS applied materials & interfaces, vol. 7, no. 15, pp. 8251-8259.

[34] H. a, S. b (2001). Marine Coatings," in Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology (Second Edition), 2001, pp. 5174-5185.

[35] C. Hellio and D. Yebra (2009). Advances In Marine Antifouling Coatings And Technologies | Sciencedirect, Elsevier Ltd. pp. 1-764.

[36] T. Darmanin, F. Guittard (2015). Superhydrophobic and superoleophobic properties in nature. Materials Today, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 273-285.

[37] D. C. Leslie, A. Waterhouse, J. B. Berthet, T. M. Valentin (2014). A bioinspired omniphobic surface coating on medical devices prevents thrombosis and biofouling. Nature Biotechnology, vol. 32, no. 11, pp. 1134-1140.

[38] V. B. Damodaran, N. S. Murthy (2016). Bio-inspired strategies for designing antifouling biomaterials. Biomaterials Research, vol. 20, pp.18-19.

[39] Banerjee, R. C. Pangule, R. S. Kane (2011). Antifouling Coatings: Recent Developments in the Design of Surfaces That Prevent Fouling by Proteins, Bacteria, and Marine Organisms. Advanced Materials, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 690-718.