By analyzing the opportunities and challenges of promoting gender mainstreaming policies in the agricultural and pastoral areas of Inner Mongolia, China, this paper attempts to study gender issues related with the work of rights confirmation on land/grassland-use. It is found that the main opportunities of gender mainstreaming policies in agricultural and pastoral areas are: the establishment of local laws and regulations, the promotion of gender evaluation mechanism and women's federation, and the existing demonstration of typical models to protect women's rights. In the meantime, the realistic challenges for gender mainstreaming in agricultural and pastoral areas are: the benefits of gender mainstreaming policy is progressively weakened from the top-down promotion progress, the insufficiency of gender guarantee mechanism and resources, the lack of local participation, and the missing of gender statistics.

Hongyan Wang, Hsinlun Yu.The Opportunities and Challenges of Gender Mainstreaming Policies in Agricultural and Pastoral Areas: a Study on Gender Issues Related with Rights Confirmation of Grassland-Use in Inner Mongolia, China. The Frontiers of Society, Science and Technology (2020) Vol. 2 Issue 11: 18-24. https://doi.org/10.25236/FSST.2020.021104.

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[5] The number of Chayouzhong Banner, Wuchuan County, and Wuyuan County is unknown, so they are not included into calculation.

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The following details are all from the relevant policy question and answer manual issued by the pilot county of Inner Mongolia to conduct rights confirmation work.

[7] The above data comes from the “Report on the Status of Women's Rights Confirmation of the Farmland and Pasture Use in Pilot Counties/Banners of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region”. Due to the length limitations of the article, the relevant statistical tables are omitted.

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[9] The “Ten Full Coverage” is an infrastructure construction project aimed to develop a “new rural and new pastoral areas”, including: (1) reconstruct old and dilapidated buildings; (2) provide safe drinking water; (3) improve the roads; (4) provide power in villages; (5) provide more extensive broadcasting and other telecommunications coverage; (6) build schools and renovate school buildings for improved safety; (7) build standardized clinics; (8) build cultural centers; (9) build convenience stores; (10) implement a social security project. It was proposed on 13 January 2014 at the working conference of agricultural and pastoral areas in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and finished in January 2017.

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[11] From the recording of the interview. The recording material number is 20160708SWQ2.

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