Bone tissue engineering is increasingly used in the repair of maxillofacial bone defects. The application of composite materials can make up for some of the shortcomings of single materials in the past, such as insufficient strength of single materials, poor biocompatibility, and degradation of biomaterials. Some problems, in which the degradation rate of composite materials in vivo does not match the rate of bone formation, is one of the main clinical problems faced by bone tissue engineering bone composite scaffold materials. The degradation of materials in vivo is mainly divided into two aspects: biological and chemical degradation. The participation of cells is an important part of biodegradation. Among them, the role of macrophages has attracted more and more attention. It can affect the degradation of materials through direct contact with the material itself or by secreting different factors. A good understanding of the mechanism of macrophages in material degradation helps us to better design and manufacture composite scaffold materials with a degradation rate that matches the bone formation in vivo.

Shuai Shan, Yi Dong, Xiangzhen Han, Weizhe Yang, Huiyu He. Progress in the degradation relationship between macrophages and composite stent materials. International Journal of Frontiers in Medicine (2021), Vol. 3, Issue 2: 31-36. https://doi.org/10.25236/IJFM.2021.030207.

[1] Wei Chenxu, He Yiwen, Wang Dan, Hou Jinxia, Xie Hui, Yin Fangzhou, Chen Zhipeng, Li Weidong. Hot spot sand advances of bone repair materials in Tissue Engineering Exhibition [J].] China Organizational Engineering Research, 2020,24 (10): 1615-1621

[2] Deng Lifu, Yan Yufei. Research Status and Progress of Bone Repair Materials [J]. Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Surgery, 2018

[3] Zhou Sijia, Jiang Literature, You Jia. Bone defect repair materials: status and demand and future [J]. China Organizational Engineering Research, 2018, 22 (14): Investigate, 2018, 22(14): 2251-2258.

[4] Chen Xi, Gleeson Sarah E, Yu Tony, Khan Nasreen, Yucha Robert W, Marcolongo Michele, Li Christopher Y. Hierarchically ordered polymer nanofiber shish kebabs as a bone scaffold material. [J]. Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A, 2017, 105(6).

[5] Park Su A, Lee Hyo-Jung, Kim Keun-Suh, Lee Sang Jin, Lee Jung-Tae, Kim Sung-Yeol, Chang Na-Hee, Park Shin-Young. In Vivo Evaluation of 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone Scaffold Implantation Combined with β-TCP Powder for Alveolar Bone Augmentation in a Beagle Defect Model. [J]. Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2018, 11(2).

[6] He Wei, Fan Yubo, Li Xiaoming. [Recent research progress of bioactivitymechanism and application of bone repair materials]. [J]. Zhongguo xiu fu chongjian wai ke za zhi = Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery, 2018, 32(9).

[7] He Wei, Fan Yubo, and Li Xiaoming. Recent Research Progress in the Active Mechanisms and Application of Bone Repair Materials [J]. Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Surgery, 2018, 32 (09): 1107-1115

[8] Huang Yen-Jang, Hung Kun-Che, Hung Huey-Shan, Hsu Shan-Hui. Modulation of macrophage phenotype by biodegradable polyurethane nanoparticles: the Possiblerelation between macrophage polarization and immune response of nanoparticles. [J]. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 2018. bioscience, 2018.

[9] Chu Chenyu,Liu Li,Wang Yufei,Wei Shimin,Wang Yuanjing,Man Yi,Qu Yili. Macrophage phenotype in the epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) -modified collagen determines foreign body reaction. [J]. Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, 2018, 12 (6).

[10] Swetha S, Lavanya K, Sruthi R, et al. An insight into cell-laden 3D-printed constructs for bone tissue engineering [J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 2020, 8.

[11] Park Su A, Lee Hyo-Jung, Kim Keun-Suh, Lee Sang Jin, Lee Jung-Tae, Kim Sung-Yeol, Chang Na-Hee, Park Shin-Young. In Vivo Evaluation of 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone Scaffold Implantation Combined with β-TCP Powder for Alveolar Bone Augmentation in a Beagle Defect Model. [J]. Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2018, 11(2).

[12] Bello Y D, Domenico M, Magro L D, et al. Bond strength between composite repair and polymer﹊nfiltrated ceramic-network material: Effect of different surface treatments [J]. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, 2019, 31(3).

[13] Khan M, R Azak S, Mehboob H, et al. Synthesis and Characterization of Silver-Coated Polymeric Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Antibacterial and In Vitro Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Biocompatibility [J]. ACS Omega, 2021, XXXX (XXX).

[14] Doyle S E, Henry L, Mcgennisken E, et al. Characterization of Polycaprolactone Nanohydroxyapatite Composites with Tunable Degradability Suitable for Indirect Printing [J]. Polymers, 2021, 13(295): 1-14.

[15] Diomede F, Gugliandolo A, Cardelli P, et al. Three-dimensional printed PLA scaffold and human gingival stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: a new tool for bone defect repair [J]. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 2018, 9(1): 104

[16] Shuai C, Yang W, Feng P, et al. Accelerated degradation of HAP/PLLA bone scaffold by PGA blending facilitates bioactivity and osteoconductivity [J]. Bioactive Materials, 2021, 6(2): 490-502.

[17] Pan C, Sun X, Xu G, et al. The effects of β-TCP on mechanical properties, corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of β-TCP/Zn-Mg composites [J]. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2019.

[18] Bakhtiyari S S E, Karbasi S, Monshi A, et al Evaluation of the effects of nano-TiO2 on bioactivity and mechanical properties of nano bioglass-P3HB composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering [J]. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 2016, 27 (1): 2. Additional Tohamy K M

[19] Tohamy K M, Mabrouk M, Soliman I E, et al. Novel alginate/hydroxyethyl cellulose/hydroxyapatite composite scaffold for bone regeneration: In vitro cell viability and proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells [J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2018, 112: 448-460.

[20] Biotechnology-Biomaterials Research; Recent Findings from C. Redlich and Co-Researchers Yields New Information on Biomaterials Research (Molybdenum-A biodegradable implant material for structural applications?) [J]. Biotech Week, 2020.

[21] Biotechnology-Biomaterials Research; Reports Outline Biomaterials ResearchFindings from Helmholtz Center (Inflammatory Response To Magnesium-based Biodegradable Implant Materials) [J]. Biotech Week, 2020.

[22] Chen Gui, Yang Libo, Guan Jing, Zhang Baoxiang, Cai Haijiao, Wang Shengdifficult. Biodegradable Materials and Their Application in Biomedical Sciences [J]. New material production

Industry, 2018 (12): 38-42

[23] R. Klopfleisch, F. Jung. The pathology of the foreignbody reaction against biomaterials. 2017, 105(3): 927-940.

[24] Li Xiaoyuan,Wang Yu,Wang Zigui,Qi Yanxin,Li Linlong,Zhang Peibiao,Chen Xuesi,Huang Yubin. Composite PLA/PEG/nHA/Dexamethasone Scaffold Prepared by 3D printing for Bone Regeneration. [J]. Macromolecular bioscience, 2018.

[25] Jayasingam Sharmilla Devi, Citartan Marimuthu, Thang Thean Hock, Mat Zin Anani Aila,Ang KaiCheen, Ch'ng Ewe Seng. Evaluating the Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages into M1 and M2 Phenotypes in Human Cancer Tissue: Technicalities and Challenges in Routine Clinical Practice. [J]. Frontiers inoncology, 2019, 9.

[26] Chenyu,Liu Li,Wang Yufei,Wei Shimin,Wang Yuanjing,Man Yi,Qu Yili. Macrophage phenotype in the epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) -modified collagen determines foreign body reaction. [J]. Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, 2018, 12 (6).

[27] Sun Jiakai,Zhang Jiawei,Li Kun,Zheng Qiao,Song Jiwei,Liang Zhuowen,Ding Tan,Qiao Lin, ZhanJianxin, HuXueyu, Wang Zhe. Photobiomodulation Therapy Inhibit the Activation and Secretory of Astrocytes by Altering Macrophage Polarization. [J]. Cellular and molecular neurobiology, 2020, 40(1).

[28] Luo Wei,Ai Lei,Wang Bofa,Wang Liying,Gan Yanming,Liu Chenzhe,Jensen Jørgen,Zhou Yue. Eccentricexercise and dietary restriction inhibits M1 macrophage polarization activated by high-fat diet-induced obesity. [J]. Life sciences, 2020.

[29] Wang Lexun, Zhang Shengxi, Wu Huijuan, Wei Quxing, Hu Inming, Guo Jiao. Experimental study on specific molecular expression in Macrophage polarization [J/OL]. Guang East Pharmaceutical University 2020 (01).

[30] Wang Le-Xun,Zhang Sheng-Xi,Wu Hui-Juan,Rong Xiang-Lu,Guo Jiao. M2bmacrophage polarization and its roles in diseases. [J]. Journal of leukocytebiology, 2019, 106(2).

[31] Elia G, Guglielmi G. CXCL9 chemokine in ulcerative colitis. [J]. La Clinica terapeutica, 2018, 169(5).

[32] Kozicky Lisa K, Sly Laura M. Depletion and Reconstitution of Macrophages in Mice. [J]. Methods

In molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 2019, 1960.

[33] Thiriot J D, Martinez Y, Endsley J J, et al. Hacking the host: exploitation of macrophage polarization by intracellular bacterial pathogens [J]. Pathogens and Disease, 2020, 78(1).

[34] Zhang YQ, Yu W, Ba ZY, et al. 3D-printed scaffolds of mesoporous bioglass/gliadin/ polycaprolactone ternary composite for enhancement of compressive strength,degradability,cell responses and new bone tissue ingrowth. Int J Nanomed, 2018, 13: 5433–5447.

[35] Zhong QW, Li WH, Su XP, et al. Degradation pattern of porous CaCO3 and hydroxyapatite microspheres in vitro and in vivo for potential application in bone tissue engineering. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces, 2016, 143: 56–63

[36] Carbon Nanotube Degradation in Macrophages: Live Nanoscale Monitoring and Understanding of Biological Pathway [J]. Acs Nano, 2015, 9(10): 10113-10124.

[37] Sergin I, Evans T D, Razani B. Degradation and beyond: the macrophage lysosome as a nexus for nutrient sensing and processing in atherosclerosis. [J]. Current Opinion in Lipidology, 2015, 26(5): 394-404.

[38] Klopfleisch, R. Macrophage reaction against biomaterials in the mouse model–Phenotypes, functions and markers [J]. Acta Biomaterialia, 2016: 3-13.