Rosemary is a kind of labiatric plant with rich value. Its main chemical components include flavonoids, terpenoids, organic acids and amino acids. On this basis, the biological effects of antibacterial, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti hyperglycemia and nerve injury were studied. The results provide scientific basis for further research of rosemary.

Wei Qiang. Progress in the study of chemical composition and biological function of rosemary. The Frontiers of Society, Science and Technology (2022) Vol. 4, Issue 3: 65-76. https://doi.org/10.25236/FSST.2022.040312.

[1] Wang Y. Extraction process of rosemary essential oil and antioxidant and its activity[D]. Anhui Agricultural University, 2012.

[2] Marburg,M.W. Herbal drugsand phytopharm Aceuticals[M].Stuttgart:Medpharm Scientific Publishers,1994.

[3] ZHOU Zhengyou,GUO Lingling. Introduction of rosemary cultivation and application[J]. Flavors & Fragrances Cosmetics,1997(01):15-16.

[4] Chang, J., Xiao, X. L., Wang, R. Y.. Isolation of antioxidant components and antioxidant properties of rosemary introduced from China[J]. Chemical Bulletin,1992(03):30-33.

[5] Huang Hongmiao, Guo Zhanjing, Lu Rumei, et al. Optimization of volatile oil extraction process of rosemary and its chemical composition analysis [J]. Hubei Agricultural Science, 2012, 51 ( 11) : 2321-2324. 

[6] Zhang Junqing, Li Hailong, Lai Weiyong, et al. Screening study on the optimal extraction process of rosemary essential oil by hydrodistillation [J]. Journal of Hainan Medical College, 2011, 17(1) : 8-10. 

[7] Li Shuangming, Gu Yaling, Xie Xiao, et al. Extraction of lavender essential oil by ultrasound-enhanced hydrodistillation [J]. Food Industry, 2013( 2) : 41-44.

[8] Li D-W, Bi L-W, Zhao Z-D. Research progress on the extraction and purification methods of Salicylic acid [J]. Forest Chemistry and Industry, 2010, 30(5): 122-126.

[9] Zheng Qiu Loose. Extraction and identification of antioxidants from rosemary[J]. Journal of Weifang College,2010,10(04):95-98.

[10] Xu Qiuyan, Zhang Kun, Xie Chaoyang, et al. A process study on the simultaneous extraction of syringic acid and rosmarinic acid from rosemary [J]. China Food Additives, 2013 (3) : 72-76.

[11] Wang Y, Gao R, Tong X, et al. Study on the alcohol extraction process of rosemary antioxidants [J]. Packaging and Food Machinery, 2012, 30(2) : 25-29.

[12] Zhou P, Lv X L, Hu Chun Gang. Study on the separation and purification of rosmarinic acid by macroporous adsorbent resin [J]. Ion Exchange and Adsorption, 2011, 27(4) : 304-309.

[13] Wu Shengxu, Xu Yong, Liang Limin, et al. Study on the preparation process of liquid extracts rich in syringic acid [J]. Modern Food Science and Technology, 2011, 27(6) : 681-683.

[14] Han Yuanyuan, Xu Xinguang, Sheng Lisong, et al. Research progress of ursolic acid extraction and isolation methods [J]. China Pharmaceutical Guide, 2012, 10( 35) : 433-435.

[15] Liang Z.Y., Wang J., Chen Y.P., et al. Study on the extraction process of ursolic acid in rosemary [J]. Shi-Zhen Guomao Guomao, 2010, 21( 11) : 2806-2808.

[16] Li Kaiquan, Tao Hualei, Gong Yanfang. Extraction and structural identification of ursolic acid from rosemary [J]. Journal of Jiangxi Normal University: Natural Science Edition, 2012, 36(1) : 8-11.

[17] Ge Hongshang, Yao Huanhuan, Zhang Rongrui, et al. Ultrasound-assisted simultaneous extraction of rosmarinic acid and rosmarinic acid [J]. Food Industry 2012(5): 3-6.

[18] Li D. W. Study on ultrasound-assisted extraction and separation of active ingredients of rosemary leaves [J]. China Academy of Forestry Science, 2012. 

[19] Bi Liangwu, Zhao Zhendong, Li Dongmei, et al. Study on the integrated extraction technology of antioxidants and essential oil of rosemary (Ⅲ) by supercritical CO2 extraction [J]. Forest Chemistry and Industry, 2007, 27( 6): 8-12. 

[20] Paniwnyk L, Cai H, Albu S, Mason TJ, Cole R. The enhancement and scale up of the extraction of anti-oxidants from Rosmarinus officinalis using ultrasound. Ultrason Sonochem. 2009 Feb;16(2):287-92. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2008.06.007. epub 2008 Jul 16. PMID: 18778964.

[21] Yang Dandan, Mo Jiajia, Chen Linling, et al. Process study on ultrasonic extraction of chlorogenic acid from Zanthoxylum parviflorum [J]. Chinese Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2013, 31(1) : 118-120.

[22] Le Zhenjiao. Study on the process of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of active ingredients of natural rosemary antioxidants [J]. China Food Additives, 2009, 4: 025. 

[23] Zheng X.Y., Ma Z.J., Dong H.H., et al. Study on supercritical CO2 extraction of daidongone from Daidong Hua [J]. Journal of Shanxi Medical University, 2009, 40(10) : 906-908. 

[24] Liu FABO, Zeng JG, Li WL, et al. Comparison of supercritical CO2 extraction and hydrodistillation method for extraction of volatile oil from Chen Pi [J]. Zhongnan Pharmacology, 2010, 8(12) : 883-886.

[25] Chen Eddie, Li Jianming, Zhang Lijuan, et al. Subcritical water extraction technique and its application in the analysis of natural products [J]. Chinese medicinal materials, 2009, 32(4) : 636-641.

[26] Wang Naixin. Process research on microwave-assisted extraction of volatile oil from rosemary [J]. Agricultural Machinery, 2011(20): 58-60.

[27] JIANG Tao, YANG Guoen, HUANG Donghai, HE Bing, FU Mengxia, LIU Jiakang Hong. Study on the extraction process of flavonoid compounds in rosemary[J]. China Food Additives,2015(05):114-119.

[28] QI R, DONG Yan. Research progress on chemical composition and pharmacological effects of rosemary[J]. Guangzhou Chemical Industry,2012,40(11):43-44+66.

[29] Xu Pengxiang, Jia Weimin, Bi Liangwu, Liu Xianzhang, Zhao Yufen. Analysis of essential oil composition and quality of rosemary from different origins[J]. Journal of Analytical Sciences,2003(04):361-363.

[30] ZHAO Pan-Pan,WANG Hao. Advances in chemical composition and biological activity of rosemary diterpenoids[J]. Strait Pharmacology,2020,32(11):37-41.

[31] Tu Pengfei, Xu Zhanhui, Zheng Jiatong, Chen Hongming, Li Gansun, Jin Jianmin. Chemical composition and application of the new resource plant Rosemary[J]. Natural Products Research and Development,1998(03):62-68.

[32] Naimi M, Vlavcheski F, Shamshoum H, Tsiani E. Rosemary Extract as a Potential Anti-Hyperglycemic Agent: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Nutrients. 2017 Sep 1;9(9):968. doi: 10.3390/nu9090968. PMID: 28862678; PMCID: PMC5622728.

[33] Wu Xiaohong. Study of amino acids in rosemary under stress conditions[D]. Northeastern Forestry University, 2006.

[34] Kang, Haixuan. Study on the hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of rosemary extract[D]. Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 2013.

[35] HAN Hong-Xing,SONG Zhi-Hong,TU Peng-Fei. Study on water-soluble components of rosemary[J]. Chinese herbal medicine,2001(10):16-17.

[36] Chen, Mei-Yun. Development and utilization of rosemary as an efficient non-toxic antioxidant[J]. Forest Chemical Communications,2000(03):28-30.

[37] SPACINO K R, BORSATO D, BUOSI G M, et al. Determination of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the B100 biodiesel oxidation process in mixtures with natural antioxidants [J].Fuel Processing Technology, 2015, 137: 366-370.

[38] Ban L, Narasimhamoorthy B, Zhao L, et al. Antioxidant activities from different rosemary clonal lines[J].Food Chem, 2016, 201: 259-263. 

[39] Loussouarn M, Krieger -Liszkay A, Svilar L, et al. Carnosic acid and carnosol, two major antioxidants of Rosemary, Act through different mechanisms [J]. Plant Physiol, 2017, 175(3):1381-1394. 

[40] Xia Tianjuan, Bi Liangwu, Zhao Zhendong, et al. Study on the antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity of Rhamnolipid acid[J]. Natural Products Research and Development, 2015, 27(1): 35-40. 

[41] HU Yan, ZHANG Ning, FAN Qing, et al. Protective efficacy of carnosic acid against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative injury in HepG2 cells through the SIRT1 pathway [J].Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology,2015,93(8) : 625-631.

[42] Mezza G N, Borgarello A V, Grosso N R, et al. Antioxidant activity of rosemary essential oil fractions obtained by molecular distillation and their effect on oxidative stability of sunflower oil[J].Food Chemistry, 2018(242): 9-15. 

[43] Fadel O, Kirat K E, Morandat S. The natural antioxidant rosmarinic acid spontaneously penetrates membranes to inhibit lipid peroxidation in situ[J]. BBA-Biomembranes, 2011, 1808(12):2973-2980. 

[44] Gil E D S, Teodor Adrian E, Ana Maria O B. Redox behaviour of verbascoside and rosmarinic acid[J].Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening, 2013, 16(2):92-97. 

[45] Liu F X, Wang Y, Xue G, et al. Study on antioxidant properties of lipid-soluble extract of rosemary in gardenia oil[J]. China Fats and Oils, 2019, 44(1): 101-104.

[46] DIAS L S, MENIS M E C, JORGE N. Effect of rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis) extracts on the oxidative stability and sensory acceptability of soybean oil [J ].Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture, 2015, 95: 2021-2027.

[47] RAVI KIRAN C, SASIDHARAN I, SOBAN KUMAR D R, et al. Influence of natural and synthetic antioxidants on the degradation of soybean oil at frying temperature [J].Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2015, 52( 8) : 5370-5375.

[48] Chunxiu Lin, Xiaoying Zhang, Zuanxian Su, et al. Carnosol Improved Lifespan and Healthspan by Promoting Antioxidant Capacity in Caenorhabditis elegans [J]. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2019, 2019: 5958043.

[49] da Silva Bomfim N, Nakassugi LP, Faggion Pinheiro Oliveira J,et al Antifungal activity and inhibition of fumonisin production by Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil in Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg. food Chem. 2015 Jan 1;166:330-336. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014. 06.019. epub 2014 Jun 14. pmid: 25053064.

[50] Gauch LM, Silveira-Gomes F, Esteves RA,et al. Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil on germ tube formation by Candida albicans isolated from denture wearers. rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2014 May-Jun;47(3):389-91. doi: 10.1590/0037-8682-0137-2013. pmid: 25075493. 

[51] Chifiriuc C, Grumezescu V, Grumezescu AM, et al. Hybrid magnetite nanoparticles/Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil nanobiosystem with Nanoscale Res Lett. 2012 Apr 10;7(1):209. doi: 10.1186/1556-276X-7-209. PMID: 22490675; PMCID: PMC3368737.

[52] Liu Qian, Cao Shuo, Zhang Hao, et al. Intervention effect of rosemary essential oil on Staphylococcus aureus-infected mice[J]. Journal of Beijing Agricultural College, 2019(2):1-5.

[53] Miladi H, Mili D, Ben S R, et al. Antibiofilm formation and anti -adhesive property of three mediterranean essential oils against a foodborne pathogen Salmonella strain [J]. Microbial Pathogenesis,2016,(93):22-31. 

[54] Masahiro T,Tomoyuki O,Jun K.Syntheses of carnosic acid and carnosol,anti-oxidants in Rosemary,from pisiferic acid,the major constituent of Sawara [ J].Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin,2010,58(1):27-29.

[55] Yuan Ganjun, Li Peibo, Yang Hui . Study on the anti-MRSA activity of syringic acid in rosemary[J]. Chinese Modern Applied Pharmacology, 2013( 7) : 571-574. 

[56] Bernardes WA,Lucarini R,Tozatti MG, et al. Antimicrobial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis against oral pathogens: relevance of carnosic acid and carnosol[J].Chem Biodivers,2010,7(7) : 1835-1840.

[57] De Oliveira J R,De J D,Figueira L W,et al. Biological activities of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) extract as analyzed in microorganisms and cells [J]. Experimental Biology & Medicine,2017,242(6):625-634. 

[58] Liu JD, He YM. Pharmacological efficacy of rosemary and its clinical application in veterinary medicine[J]. Advances in Animal Medicine, 2016, 37(6): 110-113. 

[59] Cheng X., Bi L. W., Zhao Z. D., et al. Progress in the extraction and purification of rosmarinic acid and its biological activity[J]. Forest Chemistry and Industry, 2015, 35(4): 151-158. 

[60] Sanchez C,Horcajada M N,Membrez Scalfo F, et al. Carnosol inhibits pro-inflammatory and catabolic mediators of cartilage breakdown in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes and mediates cross-talk between subchondral bnone osteoblasts and chondrocytes[J].PLoS One, 2015, 10(8):e0136118. 

[61] Yao F, He S, He XS, et al. The effect of salvianol on the ability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to adhere to lymphocytes and its mechanism[J]. Shandong Medicine, 2017, 57(23):31-34.

[62] Wang W, Song Y. Research progress on the mechanism of antitumor activity of Rhamnolol [J]. West China Journal of Pharmacy, 2018, 33(4): 429-434.

[63] Li Xin. Study on the anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activity and mechanism of action of rhamnolac [D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2018. 

[64] Cheng A C, Lee M F, Tsai M L, et al. Rosmanol potently induces apoptosis through both the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and death receptor pathway in human colon adenocarcinoma COLO 205 cells [J]. Food Chem Toxicol, 2011, 49(2):485-493. 

[65] Zhou Huiling, Jiang Ping, Liang Wanxian, et al. Molecular mechanism of ER-mediated inhibitory effect of rhamnol on the proliferation of MCF-7 in breast cancer cells[J]. Global Chinese Medicine, 2018, 11(7):995-999. 

[66] Wen R, Zhou CJ, Wang CF, et al. Effects of ursolic acid on AMPK and LPIN1 expression in HepG2 cells[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs, 2019, 28(2): 208-213. 

[67] Gonzalez-Vallinas M, Molina S, Vicente G, et al. Expression of microRNA-15b and the glycosyltransferase GCNT3 correlates with antitumor efficacy of Rosemary diterpenes in colon and pancreatic cancer[J].PLoS One, 2014, 9(6):e98556. 

[68] Mou Yishuang, Deng Wenlong, Zhou Li-Ming. Advances in research on the antitumor effects of rosmarinic acid[J]. Chinese Pharmacology and Clinical, 2015, 31(1): 266-269. 

[69] Naimi M, Vlavcheski F, Shamshoum H, et al. Rosemary extract as a potential anti -hyperglycemic agent: current evidence and future perspectives [J]. Nutrients, 2017, 9(9):968.

[70] Taekyung H, Seunghee E, Jusung K. Molecular docking studies for discovery of plant - derived α-glucosidase inhibitors[J].Plant Omics, 2014, 7(3): 166- 170. 

[71] Ngo Y L, Lau C H, Chua L S. Review on rosmarinic acid extraction, fractionation and its anti-diabetic potential [J].Food Chem Toxicol, 2018, 121: 687-700. 

[72] Naimi M, Tsakiridis T, Stamatatos T C, et al. Increased skeletal muscle glucose uptake by rosemary extract through AMPK activation [ J].Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 2015, 40(4):407-413.

[73] E L Omri A, Han J, Ben Abdrabbah M,, et al. Down regulation effect of Rosmarinus officinalis polyphenols on cellular stress proteins in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Cytotechnology. 2012 May;64(3):231-40. doi: 10.1007/s10616-011-9352-y. Epub 2011 Aug 23. PMID: 21861121; PMCID: PMC3386395.

[74] Meng P, Yoshida H, Tanji K, Matsumiya T, Xing F, Hayakari R, Wang L, Tsuruga K, Tanaka H, Mimura J, Kosaka K, Itoh K, Takahashi I, Kawaguchi S, Imaizumi T. Carnosic acid attenuates apoptosis induced by amyloid-β 1-42 or 1-43 in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Neurosci Res. 2015 May;94:1-9. doi: 10.1016 /j.neures.2014.12.003. epub 2014 Dec 12. PMID: 25510380.

[75] Rasoolijazi H, Azad N, Joghataei MT, Kerdari M, Nikbakht F, Soleimani M. The protective role of carnosic acid against beta-amyloid toxicity in rats. ScientificWorldJournal. 2013 Oct 24;2013:917082. doi: 10.1155/2013/917082. PMID: 24363627; PMCID: PMC3864083.

[76] Feng Maoxiao, CuiDonghai, LiYi, et al. Carnosic Acid Reverses the Inhibition of ApoE4 on Cell Surface Level of ApoER2 and Reelin Signaling Pathway [J]. JAD, 2020, 73( 2) : 517-528.

[77] Filiptsova O V, Gazzavi -Rogozina L V, Timoshyna I A, et al. The effect of the essential oils of lavender and rosemary on the human short-term memory [J]. Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 2018, 54(1):41-44.

[78] Hassani F V, Shirani K, Hosseinzadeh H. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) as a potential therapeutic plant in metabolic syndrome: a review [J].Naunyn - Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 2016, 389(9):1-19. 

[79] Fernández LF, Palomino OM, Frutos G. Effectiveness of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil as antihypotensive agent in primary hypotensive patients and its influence on health-related quality of life. j Ethnopharmacol. 2014;151(1):509-16. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.006. epub 2013 Nov 20. pmid: 24269249.

[80] Al-Attar AM, Shawush NA. Influence of olive and rosemary leaves extracts on chemically induced liver cirrhosis in male rats. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2015 Mar;22 (2):157-63. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.08.005. epub 2014 Sep 17. PMID: 25737646; PMCID: PMC4336450.

[81] Raskovic A, Milanovic I, Pavlovic N, Milijasevic B, Ubavic M, Mikov M. Analgesic effects of rosemary essential oil and its interactions with codeine and paracetamol in mice. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2015 Jan;19(1):165-72. PMID: 25635991.

[82] OI Aruoma, JPE. Spencer, R Rossi, et al. An evaluation of the antioxidant and antiviral action of extracts of rosemary and provenal herbs [J]. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 1996, 34( 5) : 449-456

[83] Paris A, Strukelj B, Renko M, et al. Inhibitory effect of carnosic acid on HIV-1 protease in cell-free assays [J]. Journal of natural products, 1993, 56( 8) : 1426-1430.

[84] Zhao Xianmin, Li Nan, Du Caixia, et al. Effects of Tianwang Tonic Heart Dan combined with rosemary essential oil on memory function in mice with Alzheimer's disease model[J]. Journal of Chinese Medicine, 2018, 33(4):611-615.

[85] Zhang JJ, Wang YL, Feng XB, Song XD, Liu WB. Rosmarinic acid inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells. biol Pharm Bull. 2011. Biol Pharm Bull. 2011;34(3):343-8. doi: 10.1248/bpb.34.343. PMID: 21372382.