Prospect theory, as a meso-theory of foreign policy-making, has shown unique advantages in analyzing foreign policy-making problems. The Russian-specific complex frame of reference plays an important role in decision-making on high-political issues, framing itself in a constant-loss framework through complex reference dependence, and thus exhibiting dynamic loss characteristics. The Russian complex frame of reference is a three-dimensional dynamic framework consisting of four main reference spheres: the Slavic ethnic sphere, the Orthodox cultural belt, the collection of Russian-speaking communities, and the focus of geopolitical interests, and thus exhibits different subjective value judgments, i.e., psychological reactions. The compounding of the different spheres leads to a superimposed effect in framing Russia's situation and to a strong representation of its behavioral responses.

Haoze Zhang. Analysis of Russian Foreign Action Decision-Making under Prospect Theory. International Journal of Frontiers in Sociology (2022), Vol. 4, Issue 9: 18-25. https://doi.org/10.25236/IJFS.2022.040904.

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