Welcome to Francis Academic Press

International Journal of Frontiers in Medicine, 2023, 5(3); doi: 10.25236/IJFM.2023.050310.

Research on bone age estimation of adolescents and children by using the fourth cervical vertebra

Author(s)

Yuchen Hou1, Yan Zhou2, Jingyi Chen3

Corresponding Author:
Yuchen Hou
Affiliation(s)

1College of Stomatology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, China

2College of Stomatology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, China

3College of Stomatology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, China

Abstract

Traditionally, hand-wrist bone fragments are significantly related to the peak period of growth and development, which is the best index to judge bone age. However, some scholars hold that although the X-ray exposure to wrist is very small, it increases the exposure after all. Therefore, it is proposed to judge the stage and degree of growth and development by cervical vertebra images in lateral cephalogram. Clinical measurement of cervical vertebral bone age is mainly used to judge whether the craniofacial bone is in the peak growth period and predict the growth potential of mandible, so as to determine the appropriate treatment time and treatment mode. This paper mainly reviews the application of cervical vertebral bone age in orthodontic clinic from the above two aspects.

Keywords

Bone age; Living age; Cervical vertebral bone age; Hand-wrist bone age

Cite This Paper

Yuchen Hou, Yan Zhou, Jingyi Chen. Research on bone age estimation of adolescents and children by using the fourth cervical vertebra. International Journal of Frontiers in Medicine (2023), Vol. 5, Issue 3: 57-61. https://doi.org/10.25236/IJFM.2023.050310.

References

[1] Schmeling A, Geserick G, Reisinger W, et al. Age estimation. Forensic Sci Int, 2007, 165(2-3):178-181.

[2] Shuang Yang, Congbo Mi. The method and application of radiological imaging to deduce tooth age. Chinese Journal of Stomatology Research, 2012, (6):548-552.

[3] Cunha E, Baccino E, Martrille L, et al. The problem of aging human remains and living individuals: a review. Forensic Sci Int, 2009, 193(1-3):1-13.

[4] Schmeling A, Reisinger W, Geserick G, et al. Age estimation of unaccompanied minors. Part I. General considerations. Forensic Sci Int, 2006, 159 Suppl 1: S61-S64.).

[5] DemirjianA, GoldsteinH, Tanner JM. Anewsystemofdental age assessment [J]. HumBiol, 1973, 45(2):211-227.

[6] Greulich W, Pyle S, Greulich W, et al. Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hands and Wrists. 1999, 56(5):318-320.

[7] Bjrk A, Helm S. Prediction of the age of maximum puberal growth in body height. [J]. Angle Orthodontist, 1967, 37(2):134-143. 

[8] Rakosi T, Jonas I, Rateitschak KH. Farbatlanten der Zahn-medizin: Kieferorthopaedie Diagnostik. Stuttgart, Germany: Georg Thieme Verlag; 1989, 73(3):221-230.

[9] Grave K C, Brown T. Skeletal ossification and the adolescent growth spurt.[J]. Am J Orthod, 1976, 69(6):611-619.

[10] Giannı` E. La Nuova Ortognatodonzia. ed. Padova, Italy: Piccin.[J] 1986,1:539–551.

[11] Absi E G. Orthodontic radiography: Guidelines for the use of radiographs in clinical orthodontics Edited by K.G. Isaacson, A.R. Thome, K. Horner, E. Whaites Third Edition British Orthodontic Society[J]. Surgeon, 2009, 7(3):191-191.

[12] Lamparski D G. Skeletal age assessment utilizing cervical vertebrae[J]. American Journal of Orthodontics, 1975, 67(4):458-459. 

[13] Hassel B, Farman A G. Skeletal maturation evaluation using cervical vertebrae[J]. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 1995, 107(1):58-66. 

[14] Baccetti T, Franchi L, Jr M. An improved version of the cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of mandibular growth[J]. Angle Orthodontist, 2002, 72(4):316-323. 

[15] Gandini P, Mancini M, Andreani F. A comparison of hand-wrist bone and cervical vertebral analyses in measuring skeletal maturation.[J]. Angle Orthodontist, 2006, 76(6):984-989.

[16] Demirjian A, Goldstein H, Tanner J M. A new system of dental assessment[J]. Human Biology, 1973, 45(2):211-227. 

[17] Hoffmann J, KF Krey. Pubertal status of children and adolescents during orthodontic treatment[J]. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics, 2013, 74(3):257-264. 

[18] O'Reilly M T, Yanniello G J. Mandibular growth changes and maturation of cervical vertebrae--a longitudinal cephalometric study.[J]. Angle Orthodontist, 1988, 58(2):179-184.

[19] CMD Paula, Bovi A, Francisco H N. New formula to objectively evaluate skeletal maturation using lateral cephalometric radiographs[J]. Brazilian Oral Research, 2007, 21(4):330-335. 

[20] Navlani M, Makhija P G. Evaluation of skeletal and dental maturity indicators and assessment of cervical vertebral maturation stages by height/width ratio of third cervical vertebra[J]. Journal of Pierre Fauchard Academy (India Section), 2013.27(4):330-335.

[21] Cameriere R, Giuliodori A, Zampi M, et al. Age estimation in children and young adolescents for forensic purposes using fourth cervical vertebra (C4)[J]. Int J Legal Med, 2015.129:347–355.

[22] Gulsahi A, Ehreli S B, Gali I, et al. Age estimation in Turkish children and young adolescents using fourth cervical vertebra[J]. 2020. 020;134(5):1823-1829. 

[23] Rodrigo, César, Santiago, et al. Cervical vertebral maturation as a biologic indicator of skeletal maturity.[J]. The Angle orthodontist, 2012, 82(6):1123-31. 

[24] Prasad M, Ganji V, George S A, et al. A comparison between cervical vertebrae and modified MP3 stages for the assessment of skeletal maturity[J]. Journal of Natural Science Biology and Medicine, 2013, 4(1):74-80.