Welcome to Francis Academic Press

Academic Journal of Computing & Information Science, 2023, 6(3); doi: 10.25236/AJCIS.2023.060301.

Anomaly Analysis of Blockchain-based Decentralized Applications of Transportation

Author(s)

Yajing Wang1, Zongwei Luo1,2,3

Corresponding Author:
Zongwei Luo
Affiliation(s)

1Faculty of Science and Technology, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, China

2BNU-UIC Institute of Al and Future Networks, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China

3Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research and Application for Data Science, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, China

Abstract

Decentralized applications (DApps) refer to open-source applications that utilize blockchain technology. DApps of Transportation (DoT), as an important application of blockchain-based Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), is a new focus for current research. The survival analysis and activeness analysis of DoT are common life cycle analysis methods to give an overall understanding of the development of DoT, while the abnormal transactions analysis and token analysis help to discover possible problems in transactions of DoT. This paper conducts an anomaly analysis of DoT from four aspects: survival, activeness, abnormal transactions, and tokens. The survival, activeness, and abnormal transaction analysis are based on the graph, which provides analyzers with intuitive visualizations to discover problems. Specifically, we propose a framework in which a graph of DoT transaction network is constructed and an efficient algorithm is adopted to detect abnormal patterns in the graph. Additionally, the token analysis is done to find the problematic tokens of DoT and provide correction suggestions to developers. Our work presents exquisite visualizations as well as solid analysis for DoT market. The results show our methods can locate abnormal transactions and tokens that deviate from standards.

Keywords

Blockchain, Dapps, Transportation, Anomaly analysis, Survival analysis, Activeness analysis, Abnormal transaction analysis, Token analysis

Cite This Paper

Yajing Wang, Zongwei Luo. Anomaly Analysis of Blockchain-based Decentralized Applications of Transportation. Academic Journal of Computing & Information Science (2023), Vol. 6, Issue 3: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.25236/AJCIS.2023.060301.

References

[1] Swan Melanie, Blockchain: Blueprint for a new economy, O'Reilly Media, Inc., 2015.

[2] Zheng Zibin, et al., Blockchain challenges and opportunities: A survey, International journal of web and grid services 14.4 (2018): 352-375.

[3] Li Xiaoqi, et al, A survey on the security of blockchain systems, Future Generation Computer Systems 107 (2020): 841-853.

[4] Wood Gavin, Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger, Ethereum project yellow paper 151.2014 (2014): 1-32.

[5] Chen Ting, et al, Understanding ethereum via graph analysis, ACM Transactions on Internet Technology (TOIT) 20.2 (2020): 1-32.

[6] Metcalfe, William, Ethereum, smart contracts, DApps, Blockchain and Crypt Currency (2020): 77.

[7] Jović Marija, et al., Improving maritime transport sustainability using blockchain-based information exchange, Sustainability 12.21 (2020): 8866.

[8] Antonopoulos, Andreas M., and Gavin Wood, Mastering ethereum: building smart contracts and dapps, O'reilly Media, 2018.

[9] Serada, Alesja, Tanja Sihvonen, and J. Tuomas Harviainen, CryptoKitties and the new ludic economy: How blockchain introduces value, ownership, and scarcity in digital gaming, Games and Culture 16.4 (2021): 457-480.

[10] Chen Ting, et al., Dataether: Data exploration framework for ethereum, 2019 IEEE 39th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), IEEE, 2019.

[11] Chen Weili, et al., Detecting ponzi schemes on ethereum: Towards healthier blockchain technology, Proceedings of the 2018 world wide web conference, 2018. 

[12] Buterin, Vitalik, A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform, white paper 3.37 (2014): 2-1.

[13] Tikhomirov, Sergei, Ethereum: state of knowledge and research perspectives, International Symposium on Foundations and Practice of Security, Springer, Cham, 2017.

[14] Treiblmaier, Horst, The token economy as a key driver for tourism: entering the next phase of blockchain research, Annals of Tourism Research 91 (2021): 103177.

[15] Shirole, Mahesh, Maneesh Darisi, and Sunil Bhirud, Cryptocurrency token: An overview, IC-BCT 2019 (2020): 133-140.

[16] Chen Liang, et al, Phishing scams detection in ethereum transaction network, ACM Transactions on Internet Technology (TOIT) 21.1 (2020): 1-16.

[17] Guo Dongchao, Jiaqing Dong, and Kai Wang, Graph structure and statistical properties of Ethereum transaction relationships, Information Sciences 492 (2019): 58-71.

[18] Rouhani, Sara, and Ralph Deters, Performance analysis of ethereum transactions in private blockchain, 2017 8th IEEE international conference on software engineering and service science (ICSESS), IEEE, 2017.

[19] Spain, Michael, Sean Foley, and Vincent Gramoli, The impact of ethereum throughput and fees on transaction latency during icos, International Conference on Blockchain Economics,Security and Protocols (Tokenomics 2019), Schloss Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2020.

[20] Pierro, Giuseppe Antonio, and Henrique Rocha, The influence factors on ethereum transaction fees, 2019 IEEE/ACM 2nd International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Engineering for Blockchain (WETSEB), IEEE, 2019.

[21] Di Angelo, Monika, and Gernot Salzer, Tokens, types, and standards: identification and utilization in Ethereum, 2020 IEEE International Conference on Decentralized Applications and Infrastructures (DAPPS), IEEE, 2020.

[22] Somin, Shahar, Goren Gordon, and Yaniv Altshuler, Network analysis of erc20 tokens trading on ethereum blockchain, International Conference on Complex Systems, Springer, Cham, 2018.

[23] Chen Weili, et al., Traveling the token world: A graph analysis of ethereum erc20 token ecosystem, Proceedings of The Web Conference 2020, 2020.

[24] Angelo, Monika di, and Gernot Salzer, Characterizing types of smart contracts in the ethereum landscape, International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, Springer, Cham, 2020.

[25] Xu Jinliang, et al., Edgence: A blockchain-enabled edge-computing platform for intelligent IoT-based dApps, China Communications 17.4 (2020): 78-87.

[26] Li Kai, et al., As Strong As Its Weakest Link: How to Break Blockchain DApps at RPC Service, NDSS. 2021.

[27] Wang Yu, et al., Identifying DApps and user behaviors on ethereum via encrypted traffic, International Conference on Security and Privacy in Communication Systems, Springer, Cham, 2020.

[28] Gandal, Neil, et al., Price manipulation in the Bitcoin ecosystem, Journal of Monetary Economics 95 (2018): 86-96.

[29] Chen Weili, et al., Market manipulation of bitcoin: Evidence from mining the Mt. Gox transaction network, IEEE INFOCOM 2019-IEEE conference on computer communications, IEEE, 2019.

[30] Gentilini, Raffaella, Carla Piazza, and Alberto Policriti, Computing strongly connected components in a linear number of symbolic steps, SODA. Vol. 3. 2003.

[31] McCorry, Patrick, Ethan Heilman, and Andrew Miller, Atomically trading with roger: Gambling on the success of a hardfork, Data Privacy Management, Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technology, Springer, Cham, 2017. 334-353.

[32] Rahimian, Reza, and Jeremy Clark, TokenHook: Secure ERC-20 smart contract, arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.02997 (2021).

[33] P0n1, Awesome Buggy ERC20 Tokens. <https://github.com/sec-bit/awesome-buggy-erc20-tokens>, 2018 (accessed 2023.03.03).

[34] Samreen, Noama Fatima, and Manar H. Alalfi, Smartscan: an approach to detect denial of service vulnerability in ethereum smart contracts, 2021 IEEE/ACM 4th International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Engineering for Blockchain (WETSEB), IEEE, 2021.