Nephrotic syndrome is the most common glomerular disease in children, mostly seen in children aged 3-5 years, and is often treated clinically with hormone therapy, but some children with hormone therapy have poor results, manifesting as frequent relapses, hormone dependence or hormone-resistant refractory nephrotic syndrome, and children with long-term hormone use show adverse effects such as growth inhibition, fat metabolism disorders, and infections, which seriously affect the quality of survival. In recent years, various types of immunosuppressants have been used in children with refractory nephrotic syndrome to maintain disease remission, reduce relapses, and reduce the adverse effects of hormones, providing more therapeutic options for treatment.

Jiaying Ma, Chunying Liu. Advances in the treatment of refractory nephrotic syndrome in children. Frontiers in Medical Science Research (2023) Vol. 5, Issue 5: 105-113. https://doi.org/10.25236/FMSR.2023.050516.

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