Welcome to Francis Academic Press

Frontiers in Medical Science Research, 2024, 6(11); doi: 10.25236/FMSR.2024.061108.

Effect of breakfast frequency on cardiovascular disease risk factors: A 3-year prospective cohort study

Author(s)

Wu Danping1, Hao Zongji2, Tang Chuan3

Corresponding Author:
Hao Zongji
Affiliation(s)

1Physical Education Teaching and Research Group, Chengdu Caotang Primary School West Campus, Chengdu, China

2Physical Education Teaching and Research Group, Chongqing Liangjiang Yucai Middle School, Chongqing, China

3Chengdu Experimental Primary School Zhanqi Branch, Chengdu, China

Abstract

Low breakfast frequency is a recognized health risk factor. However, there is almost no epidemiological evidence to suggest a causal relationship between breakfast frequency and cardiovascular disease risk among middle school students. Therefore, we aim to investigate the relationship between breakfast frequency and cardiovascular disease risk among Chinese middle school students. A 3‐year prospective cohort study was conducted among2622 Chinese middle school students. Breakfast frequency were assessed with a self-reported questionnaire. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)and logistic regression analysis was performed to testify the association between breakfast frequency( occasionally, Frequent, Daily) and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Research has found that in Chinese middle school students, a lower breakfast frequency is independently associated with abnormal blood lipids, blood sugar, blood pressure, and higher levels of inflammation. The research results indicate that a higher breakfast frequency may have potential beneficial effects on preventing cardiovascular disease.

Keywords

Cardiovascular disease risk factors, Breakfast Frequency, Chinese, middle school students, prospective cohort study

Cite This Paper

Wu Danping, Hao Zongji, Tang Chuan. Effect of breakfast frequency on cardiovascular disease risk factors: A 3-year prospective cohort study. Frontiers in Medical Science Research (2024), Vol. 6, Issue 11: 45-52. https://doi.org/10.25236/FMSR.2024.061108.

References

[1] CHEN WW.GAO RL, LIU LS, et al.China cardiovascular diseases report 2015:a summary, J Geriatr Cardiol, 2017, 14(1):1-10.

[2] Aatola H, Koivistoinen T, Tuominen H, et al. Influence of child and adult elevated blood pressure on adult arterial stiffne:the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study.Hypertension, 2017, 70(3): 531-536.

[3] WARD ZJ, LONG M W, RESCH Sc, et al. Simulation ofgrowth trajectories of childhood obesity into adulthood.NEngl J Med, 2017, 377(22): 2145-2153.

[4] FANG X, ZUO J, ZHOU J, et al. Childhood obesity leads to adult type 2 diabetes and coronary artery diseases:A 2-sample mendelian randomization study.Medicine(Baltimor), 2019, 98(32):e16825

[5] ADAFERR, MESSAADI W, MEDDAHI M, et al Food timing, circadan rhythm and chrononutrition: a systematic review of time-restricted eating’s effects on human health.Nutrients, 2020, 12(12):3770.

[6] Rong S, Snetselaar L G, Xu G, et al.Association of Skipping Breakfast With Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality[J].Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2019, 73(16):2025-2032.DOI:10. 1016/j.jacc. 2019.01.065.

[7] Woong L D, Dong-Woo C, Jun J Y, et al.The association between low frequency of having breakfast and dyslipidemia in South Korean men and women[J].European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2018, 73.DOI:10.1038/s41430-018-0289-5.

[8] Odegaard, A. O., Jacobs, D. R., Steffen, L. M., Van Horn, L, Ludwig, D. S., & Pereira, M. A.. (2013). Breakfast frequency and development of metabolic risk. Diabetes Care, 36(10), 3100-3106. 

[9] Mayorga-Vega D, Aguilar-Soto P, Jesús Viciana.Criterion-Related Validity of the 20-M Shuttle Run Test for Estimating Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Meta-Analysis[J].Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 2015, 14(3):536-47.

[10] National Health Commission of the PRC. Reference of screening forelevated blood pressure among children and adolescents aged 7- 18 years : wS/T 610-2018.Beijing;Standardls Press of China, 2018.( in Chinese )

[11] American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical in diabetes-2020[J].Diabetes Care, 2020, 43(Suppl 1):14-31.

[12] Cheng T S, Day F R, Lakshman R, et al.Association of puberty timing with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J].PLoS Medicine, 2020, 17(1):e1003017.DOI:10.1371/ journal. pmed. 1003017.

[13] Ferrer-Cascales R, Sánchez-SanSegundo M, Ruiz-Robledillo N, Albaladejo-Blázquez N, Laguna-Pérez A, Zaragoza-Martí A. Eat or Skip Breakfast? The Important Role of Breakfast Quality for Health-Related Quality of Life, Stress and Depression in Spanish Adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018, 15(8):1781. 

[14] Trautwein EA, McKay S. The Role of Specific Components of a Plant-Based Diet in Management of Dyslipidemia and the Impact on Cardiovascular Risk. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2671.

[15] Souza M R D, Neves M E A, Souza A D M, et al.Skipping breakfast is associated with the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents: Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents – ERICA.British Journal Of Nutrition, 2020, 126(2):1-9.

[16] Silva, FA, Padez, C, Sartorelli, DS, et al. Cross-sectional study showed that breakfast consumption was associated with demographic, clinical and biochemical factors in children and adolescents. Acta Paediatr, 2018, 107, 1562–1569.

[17] Arimoto M, Yamamoto Y, Imaoka W, et al.Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Breakfast Skippers and Staple Foods Skippers.Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis, 2023, 30(10) 1376-1388.

[18] Fagnant H S, Lutz L J, Nakayama A T, et al. Breakfast Skipping is Associated with Vitamin D Deficiency among Young Adults entering Initial Military Training. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.2022, 122(6):1114-1128.

[19] Mielgo-Ayuso J, Cuenca-García, Magdalena, et al.Regular breakfast consumption is associated with higher blood vitamin status in adolescents: the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) Study[J].Public Health Nutrition, 2017:1.DOI:10.1017/S1368980016003645.

[20] Bertoldo F, Pancheri S, Zenari S, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels modulate the acute-phase response associated with thefirst nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate infusion. JBMR, 2010, 25: 447 -454.

[21] Roelofs, Anke J., et al. "Peripheral blood monocytes are responsible for γδ T cell activation induced by zoledronic acid through accumulation of IPP/DMAPP." British Journal of Haematology 144.2(2009): 245-250.

[22] Garcion E, Sindji L, Montero-Menei C, et al. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase during rat brain inflammation: regulation by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Glia, 2015, 22(3):282-294.

[23] J. Jurkovičová, K. Hirošová, D. Vondrová, M. Samohýl, Z. Štefániková, A. Filová, et al.The prevalence of insulin resistance and the associated risk factors in a sample of 14-18-year-old Slovak adolescents Int J Environ Res Publ Health, 18 (3) (2021), p. 909, 10.3390/ijerph18030909

[24] Joo H J, Kim G R, Park E C, et al.Association between Frequency of Breakfast Consumption and Insulin Resistance Using Triglyceride-Glucose Index: A Cross-Sectional Study of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2018)[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020, 17(9).DOI:10.3390/ijerph17093322.

[25] Klop, B, Proctor, SD, Mamo, JC et al. Understanding postprandial inflammation and its relationship to lifestyle behaviour and metabolic diseases. Int J Vasc Med 2012, 947417.

[26] Kim, SH, Song, YH, Park, S, et al. Impact of lifestyle factors on trends in lipid profiles among Korean adolescents: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys study, 1998 and 2010. J Pediatr, 2016, 59, 65–73.

[27] Smith, KJ, Gall, SL & McNaughton, SA Skipping breakfast longitudinal associations with cardiometabolic risk factors in the Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr, 2010, 92, 1316–1325.

[28] S. Zhu, L. Cui, X. Zhang et al., “Habitually skipping breakfast is associated with chronic inflammation: a cross-sectional study, ” Public Health Nutrition, vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 2936–2943, 2021.

[29] P. L. Valenzuela, P. Carrera-Bastos, B. G. Gálvez et al., “Lifestyle interventions for the prevention and treatment of hypertension,” Nature Reviews Cardiology, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 251–275, 2021.)