The pathogenesis of peri-implantitis originates from an immune-inflammatory response provoked by microbial dysbiosis, with clinical manifestations including advancing peri-implant mucosal inflammation and progressive bone resorption. Although its outward presentation may resemble that of periodontitis, tissue destruction in peri-implantitis tends to be more accelerated and extensive, due to the unique anatomical structure and distinct immune microenvironment surrounding implants. Immune dysregulation is pivotal in the disease process, influencing the balance among immune cell subsets, the production of inflammatory cytokines, and the activation of key molecular signaling pathways. This review systematically synthesizes recent advances, highlighting that peri-implantitis exhibits a distinct and often more intense inflammatory profile than periodontitis, and that an imbalance in macrophage M1/M2 polarization along with T-cell subset dysregulation serve as critical drivers of tissue destruction. By consolidating current evidence, the article aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on the immunopathological mechanisms of peri-implantitis and to establish a theoretical foundation for the development of precision immunotherapy.

Jingyi Yuan, Xiaorui Geng. Research Progress on the Immune Response of Peri-implantitis. Frontiers in Medical Science Research (2026), Vol. 8, Issue 2: 92-99. https://doi.org/10.25236/FMSR.2026.080211.

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