During the process of urbanization in pastoral areas of Inner Mongolia, China, a large number of Mongolian women who were originally engaged in traditional nomadic pastoralism began to make their career move. Some of them are engaged in modern animal husbandry while others are seeking for employment opportunities in industry or service sectors, which not only represents the tendency for the pastoral society to transform itself from nomadic pastoralism into modern animal husbandry, but also demonstrates the internal logic of the industrial transition within the pastoral society. The above changes require traditional workers to acquire new employment skills. For Mongolian women in pastoral areas, they need to obtain employment skill trainings such as modern management knowledge or scientific breeding techniques. In addition, pastoral women who are not working in the pastoral sector are mainly engaged in secondary and tertiary industries and therefore need to receive trainings for providing services, such as catering operations or housekeeping. The main channels for Mongolian women to obtain employment skill trainings include government departments, employers, professional cooperatives and various industry associations, vocational technical schools, and social training institutions. These institutions provide single and fixed skill trainings. The dilemma behind such diversified demand for receiving employment skills and relatively single-sourced supply of employment skill trainings is the overall shortage of skill training resources, gender blindness in skill training, and the potential double oppression of ethnicity and gender in the training market.

Hongyan Wang, Hsinlun Yu. Lack of Resources, Gender Blindness, and Competitive Skill Training Programs for Women: Research on the Chinese Mongolian Women's Livelihood Transformation and Resource Acquisition for Re-Employment Skills. International Journal of New Developments in Education (2020) Vol. 2 Issue 7: 40-47. https://doi.org/10.25236/IJNDE.2020.020709.

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