Welcome to Francis Academic Press

Frontiers in Educational Research, 2020, 3(12); doi: 10.25236/FER.2020.031208.

A Canadian-based online English educational company promoting equity of education in rural China

Author(s)

Yan Xiao

Corresponding Author:
Yan Xiao
Affiliation(s)

Yorke Communicative Education Ltd., Researcher, Vancouver, Canada

Abstract

In 2001, Ministry of Education of China announced that English would be a compulsory subject in public school in China; however, local education departments and individual schools have the flexibility to decide what grade to start English lessons. During the last decade, the disparities in English learning between rural and urban schools has generated a lot of attention due to the unbalanced economic development between coastal and inland regions. This paper examines one longitudinal case study of 36 grade one students from the rural area Yichun in Jiangxi, one of the poorest provinces in China, learning English online with qualified English as a Second Language (ESL) teachers from Canada through a Canadian based EdTech Yorke Communicative Education Ltd. (YorkeOnline) Key findings indicate that online learning could not only help students in rural areas improve their English language abilities, but also instil greater confidence and positive attitudes towards studying English. The findings also suggest that applying the same method to other rural regions could help promote equity of education in English language study in China.

Keywords

equity of education, rural China, online English

Cite This Paper

Yan Xiao. A Canadian-based online English educational company promoting equity of education in rural China. Frontiers in Educational Research (2020) Vol. 3 Issue 12: 47-61. https://doi.org/10.25236/FER.2020.031208.

References

[1] Adamson, Bob (2001). English with Chinese characteristics: China’s new curriculum. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 21(2), 19–33.
[2] Barker, Bruce O., and Robert Franklin Hall. 1994. “Distance Education in Rural Schools: Technologies and Practice.” Journal of Research in Rural Education 10 (2): 126–28.
[3] Boyd, Donald, Hamilton Lankford, Susanna Loeb, Jonah Rockoff, and James Wyckoff. 2008. “The Narrowing Gap in New York City Teacher Qualifications and Its Implications for Student Achievement in High-Poverty Schools.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 27 (4): 793–818. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.20377.
[4] Buchmann, C., & Hannum, E. (2001). Education and stratification in developing countries: A review of theories and research. Annual Review of Sociology 27, 77–102. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.77
[5] Chan, Kam Wing, and Will Buckingham. 2008. “Is China Abolishing the Hukou System?*.” The China Quarterly 195 (September): 582–606. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741008000787.
[6] Cheng, K. M. (2000). Understanding basic education policies in China: An ethnographic approach. In J. Liu, H. A. Ross, & D. P. Kelly (Eds.), The ethnographic eye: Interpretive studies of education in China (pp. 29-50). New York: Palmer.
[7] Cortazzi, Martin & Jin, Lixian (1996). English teaching and learning in China. Language Teaching, 29, 61–80.
[8] Cortazzi, M., & Jin, L. X. (1996a). English teaching and learning in China. Language Teaching, 29, 61-80.
[9] Darling-Hammond, L. (2000). Teacher Quality and Student Achievement: A review of State Policy 2000. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 8(1). Retrieved May 24, 2006 from: http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v8n1/
[10] Fang, Ning; 2019, A Study on English Enlightenment among Preschool Children, 211-214
[11] Gao, Qiufeng, Yaojiang Shi, Hongmei Yi, Cody Abbey, and Scott Rozelle. 2017. “Reading Achievement in China’s Rural Primary Schools: A Study of Three Provinces.”
[12] Goe, Laura. 2007. “The Link between Teacher Quality and Student Outcomes: A Research Synthesis.” National Comprehensive Center for Teacher Quality. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED521219.
[13] Gillborn, D., & Deborah, Y. (1990). Rationing education: Policy, practice, reform, and equity. UK: McGraw-Hill Education.
[14] Gu, Yongqi (2004). Bilingualism as policy: What can we learn from the Hong Kong experience? Paper presented at the International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching Methodology in China, Shanghai, China.
[15] Hallinger, Philip & Liu, Shangnan, 2016, Leadership and teacher learning in urban and rural schools in China: Meeting the dual challenges of equity and effectiveness, International Journal of Educational Development, 51, 163-173
[16] Hannum, Wallace, Irvin, Matthew, Banks, Jonathan, and Farmer, Thomas. 2009. “Distance Education Use in Rural Schools.” Journal of Research in Rural Education 24 (3).
[17] Hattie, John A.C. 2003. “Teachers Make a Difference, What Is the Research Evidence?” Presented at the Building Teacher Quality: What Does the Research Tell Us? ACER Research Conference. Melbourne, Australia. https://research.acer.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=research_conference_20 03.
[18] Hanushek, Eric A. 2011. “The Economic Value of Higher Teacher Quality.” Economics of Education Review 30 (3): 466–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2010.12.006.
[19] Hird, B. (1995). How communicative can English language teaching be in China? Prospect, 10 (3), 21–27.
[20] Hu, Guangwei. 2008. The misleading academic discourse on Chiense-English bilingual education in China. Review of Educational research 78(2):195–231
[21] Hu, Guangwei. 2010. “Recent Important Developments in Secondary English-Language Teaching in the People’s Republic of China:” Language, Culture and Curriculum 15 (1): 30–49.
[22] Jin, Lixian & Cortazzi, Martin (2003). English language teaching in China: A bridge to the future. In Wah Kam Ho & Ruth Y. L. Wong (Eds), English language teaching in East Asia today (pp. 131–145). Singapore: Times Academic Press.
[23] Kane, Thomas J., Jonah E. Rockoff, and Douglas O. Staiger. 2006. “What Does Certification Tell Us About Teacher Effectiveness? Evidence from New York City.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 12155. https://www.nber.org/papers/w12155.
[24] Kirkpatrick, Andy. 2011. English as a medium of instruction in Asian education (from primary to tertiary): Implications for local languages and local scholarship. Applied Linguistics Review 2:99–119. doi:10.1515/9783110239331.99
[25] Li, Hongbin, Lingsheng Meng, Xinzheng Shi, and Binzhen Wu. 2012. “Does Attending Elite Colleges Pay in China?” Journal of Comparative Economics 40 (1): 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2011.10.001.
[26] Liu, M., 2009. Education management and performance after rural education finance reform: evidence from Western China. Int. J. Educ. Dev. 29 (5), 463–473
[27] Othman, M., Muijs, D., 2013. Educational quality differences in a middle-income country: the urban-rural gap in Malaysian primary schools. Sch. Eff. Sch. Improv. 24 (1), 1–18.
[28] Liu, P. (2012). After school English language learning in China. In J. Ruan & C. B. Leung (Eds.), Perspectives on teaching and learning English literacy in China (pp. 115–127). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer Science + Business Media.
[29] Liu, Shujie, and Anthony J. Onwuegbuzie. 2012. “Chinese Teachers’ Work Stress and Their Turnover Intention.” International Journal of Educational Research 53 (January): 160–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2012.03.006.
[30] Ma, Yue; Fairlie, Robert; Loyalka, Prashant; Rozelle, Scott; 2020, Isolating the "Tech" from EdTech: Experimental Evidence on Computer Assisted Learning in China. NBER Working Paper No. 26953., National Bureau of Economic Research.
[31] Maley, A. (1995). English 2000: The landmark review of the use, teaching and learning of English in the People's Republic of China. Manchester: The British Council.
[32] Ng, C., & Tang, E. (1997). Teachers’ needs in the process of EFL reform in China—A report from Shanghai. Perspectives: Working Papers, 9 (1), 63-85.
[33] Nunan, David (2003). The impact of English as a global language on educational policies and practices in the Asia-Pacific region. TESOL Quarterly, 37, 589–613.
[34] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 2005. School Factors Related to Quality and Equity. Results from PISA 2000. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/15/20/34668095.pdf
[35] Qi, Grace Yue, 2016, The importance of English in primary school education in China: perceptions of students, Multilingual Education, 6(1) p1-18.
[36] Rice, Jennifer. 2003. “Teacher Quality: Understanding the Effectiveness of Teacher Attributes.” https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234566002_Teacher_Quality_Understanding_the_Effe ctiveness_of_Teacher_Attributes
[37] Rivkin, S., Hanushek, E., & Kain, J. (2005). Teachers, schools, and academic achievement. Econometrica, 73(2), 417-458.
[38] Robinson, Bernadette, 2008, Using ICT and distance education to increase access, equity and quality of rural teachers’ professional development, The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 9(1), p1-17
[39] Rockoff, Jonah E. 2004. “The Impact of Individual Teachers on Student Achievement: Evidence from Panel Data.” The American Economic Review 94 (2): 247–52
[40] Ross, H. A. (1992). Foreign language education as a barometer of modernization. In R. Hayhoe (Ed.), Education and modernization: The Chinese experience (pp.239-254). Oxford: Pergamon.
[41] Sanders, William, and June Rivers. 1996. “Cumulative and Residual Effects of Teachers on Future Student Academic Achievement.” The Heartland Institute. https://www.heartland.org/publications-resources/publications/cumulative-and-residual-effects- of-teachers-on-future-student-academic-achievement.
[42] Sattar, Kashif. 2007. “A Sustainable Model for Use of ICTs in Rural Pakistan.” International Journal of Education and Development Using ICT 3 (2). https://www.learntechlib.org/p/188041/.
[43] Sharma, R. C. 2003. “Barriers in Using Technology for Education in Developing Countries.” In International Conference on Information Technology: Research and Education, 2003. Proceedings. ITRE2003., 512–16. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITRE.2003.1270670.
[44] State Council (2001, June 15). Guowuyuan guanyu jichu jiaoyu gaige yu fazhan de jueding [State Council’s decision on reform and development of basic education]. Zhongguo Jiaoyubao (p. 1).
[45] Sun, J., & Rao, N. (2017). Growing up in Chinese families and societies (Chapter 2). In N. Rao, J. Zhou, & J. Sun (Eds.), Early childhood education in Chinese societies. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
[46] Sundeen, Todd H., and Darrelanne M. Sundeen. 2017. “Instructional Technology for Rural Schools: Access and Acquisition.” Rural Special Education Quarterly 32 (2): 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/875687051303200203.
[47] UNESCO. (1990). World declaration on education for all. New York, NY: UNESCO Publishing. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/education/pdf/JOMTIE_E.PDF
[48] UNESCO. (2000). The Dakar framework for action: Education for all meeting our collective commitments. Paris, France: UNESCO Publishing. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001211/121147e.pdf
[49] UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2006). Teachers and Educational Quality: Monitoring global needs for 2015. Montreal: UNESCO, International Institute for Educational Planning.
[50] UNESCO. (2015a). The EFA global monitoring report 2015. Education for all 2000-1015: Achievements and challenges. Paris, France: UNESCO Publishing. Retrieved fromhttp://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002322/232205e.pdf
[51] Vignoles, A., Levacic, R., Machin, S. Reynolds, D., & Walker, J. (2000). The Relationship Between Resource Allocation and Pupil Attainment: A review. DfEE Research Report No. 228, London: DfEE.
[52] Wei, Rining. 2011. Parental support for Chinese-English bilingual education: A survey of parents of primary and secondary students in Shanghai. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 32(5):481–496. doi:10.1080/ 01434632.2011.592588
[53] Xiang, Lili, John Stillwell, Luke Burns, and Alison Heppenstall. 2019. “Measuring and Assessing Regional Education Inequalities in China under Changing Policy Regimes.” Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, March. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-019-09293-8.
[54] Yang, Harrison Hao, Zhu, Sha, MacLeod, Jason (2018), Promoting education equity in rural and underdeveloped areas: Cases on computer-supported collaborative teaching in China, Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14 -6.
[55] Yin, D. L. (1993). Reforming Chinese education: Context, structure and attitudes in the 1980s. Compare, 23, 115-130.
[56] Yu, Liming (2001). Communicative language teaching in China: Progress and resistance. TESOL Quarterly, 35, 194–198.
[57] Zhang, Dandan, Xin Li, and Jinjun Xue. 2015. “Education Inequality between Rural and Urban Areas of the People’s Republic of China, Migrants’ Children Education, and Some Implications.” Asian Development Review 32 (1): 196–244.
[58] Zhang, J., Pang, N.S.-K., 2016. Investigating the development of professional learning communities: compare schools in Shanghai and Southwest China. Asia Pac. J. Educ. 36 (2), 217–230.
[59] Zhang, J. Z. (1993). Waiyu jiaoyuxue [Foreign language pedagogy]. Zhejiang: Zhejiang Education Press.
[60] Zhao, N., Valcke, M., Desoete, A., Verhaeghe, J., 2012. The quadratic relationship between socioeconomic status and learning performance in China by multilevel analysis: implications for policies to foster education equity. Int. J. Educ. Dev. 32 (3), 12–422.
[61] Zhu, H. (2003). Globalization and new ELT challenges in China. English Today, 19 (4), 36–41.