Due to rapidly increasing population from Industrial Revolution, English education demand quickly enlarged and teachers needed greatly. Voluntary societies which depended on religion, dominated teacher training of elementary education under the government finite intervention circumstances from 1808 to 1890. Voluntary societies had dual purpose both for social control and contending for followers. Teacher training went through two stage from voluntary societies doing along to the government granting voluntary societies. Although it advanced the development of English elementary education, it delayed the progress state education system, which led to English economy relative backwardness.

Zang Shulei. “Absence of Government”: The Teacher Training of English Elementary Education from 1808 to 1890. Frontiers in Educational Research (2020) Vol. 3 Issue 12: 166-178. https://doi.org/10.25236/FER.2020.031220.

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